‘항해의 자유’와 미국의 ‘항행의 자유’ 작전에 관한 소고
A Study on Freedom of Navigation and U.S. ‘Freedom of Navigation’ Operation
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 논문은 다음과 같은 문제 제기와 거기에 대한 답변으로 구성되어 있다. 서론 부분에서, 미국 국방부의 ‘항행의 자유 작전(FONOPs)’은 어떤 사상과 기원에서 발전해왔는가? 항해의 자유(FON, Freedom of Navigation)란 무엇인가? 해양 관습법과 국제 해양법에서 항해의 자유는 어떻게 발전해 왔는가? 본론에서는, 미국 국방부는 어떤 논리와 어떤 국제법적 기반에서 ‘항행의 자유 작전’ 프로그램을 운영해오고 있는가? 이것이 미국의 외교정책에 어떤 의미가 있는가? 그리고 이 프로그램에 대한 찬반 양론은 어떤 것인가? 결론 부분에서, 항행의 자유 작전이 군사적 수단으로 유지하는 데 비용이 더 많이 들고 있고, 정치적 비용도 만만치 않으며, 장기간의 위기에 대한 모든 요소가 존재하지만, 항해의 자유에 대한 미국의 외교정책적 집착(목적)은 FONOP(항행의 자유 작전)로 이어졌고, 미국 국방부는 이 프로그램을 매년 전 세계에서 수행하고 있으며, 찬성과 반대의 의견에도 불구하고, FONOP는 미국의 외교정책에 매우 중요하며, 따라서 미국이 이 작전을 포기할 개연성은 아주 작다는 결론에 이르렀다.
Abstract
This paper consists of raising the following questions and answering them. In the introduction, what ideas and origins are the U.S. Department of Defense’s ‘Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs)’ based on? What is Freedom of Navigation (FON)? How has Freedom of Navigation developed in maritime customary law (Customs of the Sea) and international maritime law (UNCLOS)? In the main text, on what logic and under what international legal basis has the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) been operating the FONOPs program? What does this mean for American foreign policy? And what are the pros and cons of this program? Finally, the following conclusions were drawn. Although FONOPs are more expensive to maintain by military means, the political costs are significant, and all the elements for protracted crises are present, the U.S. foreign policy obsession with FON made the U.S. DoD conduct the program annually around the world. Despite opinions for and against, FONOP is so important to U.S. foreign policy that it is unlikely that the U.S. will abandon this program.
참고문헌 (45)
- Atherley-Jones, "Commerce in War", pp.284~285 (1907), Methuen & Company
- Borough, Sir John, "An Historical Account of the Royal Fishery of Great Britain: Or the Sovereignty of the British Seas Proved by Records, History, and the Municipal Laws of the Kingdom", E. Curll
- Dupuy, René Jean, "A Handbook on the New Law of the Sea . Vol. 1" (1991), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
- Grotius, Hugo, "Hugo Grotius Mare Liberum 1609-2009: Original Latin Text and English Translation" (2009), BRILL
- Kraska, James, "International Maritime Security Law" (2013), Martinus Nijhoff
- Pinto, M.C.W., "Law of the Sea, From Grotius to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Liber Amicorum Judge Hugo Caminos", pp.18~47 (2015), BRILL Nijhoff
- Selden, John, "Mare Clausum; The Right and Dominion of the Sea in Two Books", Andrew Kembe and Edward Thomas
- Welwood, William, "An Abridgement of All Sea-lawes: Gathered Forth of All Writings and Monuments, which are to be Found Among Any People or Nation", Ioane Man and Benjamin Fisher
- Aceves, William Joseph, "The Freedom of Navigation program: A study on the relationship between law and strategy", pp.1990
- Aceves, William Joseph, "Diplomacy at Sea: U.S. Freedom of Navigation Operations in the Black Sea", Naval War College Review, 46(2), pp.59~79 (1993)
- "Are Freedom of Navigation Operations and Innocent Passage Really the Same?" (2016)[URL]
- Clingan, "Freedom of Navigation in a Post-UNCLOS III Environment", Law and Contemporary Problems, 46(2), pp.107~123 (1983)
- Colin, Sébastien, "China, the US, and the Law of the Sea", China Perspectives, 2016(2), pp.57~62 (2016)
- "America’s Freedom of Navigation Operations Are Lost at Sea" (2019)[URL]
- "Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea: A Practical Guide" (2017)[URL]
- Galdorisi, George, "The United States freedom of navigation program: A bridge for international compliance with the 1982 United Nations convention on the law of the sea?", Ocean Development & International Law, 27(4), pp.399~408 (1996)
- Geng, Jing, "The Legality of Foreign Military Activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone under UNCLOS", Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, 28(74), pp.22~30 (2012)
- Anne Hsiu-An Hsiao, "China and the South China Sea ‘Lawfare’", Issues & Studies, 52(2) (2016)
- Hawkins, William R., "Strategy and ‘Freedom of Navigation’", The National Interest, (12), pp.50~52 (1988)
- "Are Freedom of Navigation Operations in East Asia Enough?" (2019)[URL]
- Houck, James, "The United States, China, and Freedom of Navigation in the South China Sea", Global Studies Law Review, 13(3), pp.441~452 (2014), Washington University
- Munraj Gill, "The Issue of Freedom of Navigation in the Asia-Pacific Region: The Rights and the Interest of Coastal States and Practices", The Journal of Defence and Security, 7(1), pp.66~ (2016)
- O’Connell, D.P., "The Law of the Sea", Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 124(5239), pp.367~379 (1976)
- Odell, Rachel Esplin, "How Strategic Norm-Shaping Undergirds America’s Command of the Commons", Presentation at the American Political Science Association(APSA) Annual Conference (2019)
- Oral, Nilufer, "Transit Passage Rights in the Strait of Hormuz and Iran’s Threats to Block the Passage of Oil Tankers", ASIL(American Society of International Law) Insights, 16(16) (2012)
- "Will Americans Die for Freedom of Navigation?" (2021)[URL]
- Pardo Arvid, "The Convention on the Law of the Sea: A Preliminary Appraisal", San Diego Law Review, 20(3), pp.489~ (1983)
- Robertson, Horace B. Jr., "International Law and Military Operations" (2008), Naval War College
- Rothwell, Donald R., "Navigational Rights and Freedoms, and the New Law of the Sea", pp.74~93 (2000), Martinus Nijhoff
- Scovazzi, Tullio, "Law of the Sea, From Grotius to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Liber Amicorum Judge Hugo Caminos", pp.48~63 (2015), BRILLNijhoff
- Shaw, Malcolm N., "International Law", pp.410~412 (2017), Cambridge University Press
- Wirth,, Christian, "Whose ‘Freedom of Navigation’? Australia, China, the United States and the making of order in the ‘Indo-Pacific’", The Pacific Review, 32(4), pp.475~504 (2019)
- Wolfrum,, Rüdiger, "Law of the Sea, From Grotius to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: Liber Amicorum Judge Hugo Caminos", pp.89~103 (2015), BRILL Nijhoff
- "DoD Annual Freedom of Navigation(FON) Reports"[URL]
- "First League of Armed Neutrality"[URL]
- "flags of convenience"[URL]
- "U.S. Navy Ends Maneuvers in Gulf of Sidra" (1986)[URL]
- "Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law"[URL]
- "prize court"[URL]
- "Treaty of Breda"[URL]
- "Treaty of Westminster"[URL]
- "the accident of Fielding vs Bylandt"[URL]
- "the case of PCIJ(Permanent Court of International Justice)"[URL]
- "Freedom of Navigation (FON) Program, (Fact Sheet)" (2017)[URL]
- "United States Oceans Policy, Statement by the President" (1983)[URL]