1778년 조셉 나이트 재판과 스코틀랜드 반노예제 운동
The Joseph Knight Case of 1778 and the Scottish Antislavery Movement
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1778년 조셉 나이트 대 존 웨더번 재판은 몇 가지 면에서 이전의 노예 재판과 구별되었다. 그것은 잉글랜드와 구별되는 독자적인 사법권을 가진 지역에서 노예의 운명을 다룬 독창성이 있었다. 또한 1772년의 서머셋 판결이 답하지 않은 사안에 대해 명확한 법적 판단을 제공했다. 무엇보다 노예제가 스코틀랜드 법체계 안에서 성립되지 않는다는 결론은 노예제의 법적 지위에 심오한 변화를 가져왔다. 스코틀랜드에서는 나이트 재판 이전에도 두 차례의 노예 재판이 있었고, 두 사례 모두에서 기독교 세례와 노예의 법적 지위 변화의 연관성, 노예제의 적법성 문제가 다뤄졌다. 그러나 두 재판 모두 당사자의 사망으로 명확한 결론에 이르지 못하고 종결되었다. 조셉 나이트 재판에서는 처음으로 이 문제들에 결론이 도출되었다. 노예제도의 적법성에 대하여 노예 소유주의 변호인들이 노예제의 오랜 존속이 의미하는 사회적 안정성을 중시하는 논리를 내세웠을 때, 도망 노예의 변호인들은 그것이 스코틀랜드 법체계와 법의 정신에 맞는지 봐야 한다고 주장했다. 이 과정에서 스코틀랜드 법률체계의 독자성이 강화되었다. 또한 주인과 노예의 변호인들 사이에 노예제와 기독교 정신의 충돌 여부는 의견이 갈렸지만, 이런 차이에도 양쪽의 주장 모두에서 종교적 행위와 법적 행위의 구별에 대한 동의가 이뤄져 가는 점은 근대 법률체계 발전의 일부를 보여주었다. 1778년 1월 스코틀랜드 대법원은 이 사건과 관련해 식민지에서의 법률행위가 본국에서 효력이 정지되며, 스코틀랜드 법에 노예제가 허용될 근거가 없다고 판결했다. 일부 재판관은 노예제가 1701년의 형사소송법에 충돌하기 때문에 명시적으로 불법이라고 판단했다. 이 판례는 영국 전역에 노예해방을 가져온 것은 아니었지만 그 길로 가는 문을 열어 주었다고 평가된다.
Abstract
The case of Joseph Knight v John Wedderburn in 1778 differed from previous slave trials in a number of ways. It had the uniqueness of dealing with the fate of slaves in a region with its own jurisdiction separate from England, and it provided a clear legal judgement on a question left unanswered by the Somerset judgement of 1772. Most importantly, the conclusion that slavery was not established within the Scottish legal system led to a profound change in the legal status of slavery. Prior to the Knight trial, there had been two slavery trials in Scotland, both of which addressed the issue of the legality of slavery and the link between Christian baptism and the change in the legal status of slaves. However, both trials ended with the deaths of the parties without reaching a definitive conclusion. The Joseph Knight case was the first to bring these issues to a conclusion. While the slave owners' defence of the legality of slavery emphasised the social stability implied by the long existence of slavery, the fugitive slave's defence argued that it was necessary to consider whether it fit within the Scottish legal system and the spirit of the law. In the process, the independence of the Scottish legal system was reinforced. While masters and defenders of slaves disagreed about whether slavery and Christianity were in conflict, the growing consensus on both sides of the argument about the distinction between religious and legal behaviour was part of the development of the modern legal system. In January 1778, the Court of Session ruled that the laws of the colonies were suspended at home and that there was no basis in Scottish law for allowing slavery. Some judges argued that slavery was expressly illegal because it conflicted with the Criminal Procedure Act of 1701. This ruling did not lead to the emancipation of slaves throughout the United Kingdom, but it is credited with paving the way.
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