1864년 사법개혁 이전의 러시아 사법제도와 사법관료
The Russian judicial system and bureaucrats in legal administration before the judicial reform of 1864
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The Russian legal system before the judicial reform of 1864 was characterized by various shortcomings such as the inquisitional principle based on the doctrine of ‘formal evidence,’ complexity of procedure in which a case could be involved in the pre-reform judicial system, secrecy of legal procedure, venality of the judicial personnel, illiteracy of the majority of judges, etc. The shortcomings made rapid and equitable administration of justice almost impossible and caused extensive dissatisfaction with the courts among the population. Nevertheless the ‘Polnoe sobranie zakonov’ and the ‘Svod Zakonov’ were completed and published during the reign of Nicholas I. They were the result of the tsar's strong desire for codification of the laws and setting the Russian empire on a strong legal foundation. A number of proposals to reform the judicial system were made in his reign as well. However any of the judicial reform proposals were not enacted due to the emperor's fear of revolution in Russian empire in the face of general revolutionary groundswell that spread across the Continent in the 1830s and 1840s and Nicholas' retreating from change at these times. Some of the officials involved with attempts to reform the judicial system nevertheless saw the need for reform of the old legal order. In short, the attempts produced the increase of notions of reform of the judicial system among the officials in the Russian government. Meanwhile, by the end of Nicholas' reign a handful of young judicial officials emerged in Petersburg. They were enlightened bureaucrats in the legal administration. They dedicated themselves to their work with the new sense of obligation to the law manifested itself in their mission to protect and advance law and justice in the legal administration. The enlightened bureaucrats also pondered on and put into practice ways to change the old judicial system. Later during the reign of Alexander II they would be the leading group of preparing and implementing the judicial reform of 1864.
Abstract
The Russian legal system before the judicial reform of 1864 was characterized by various shortcomings such as the inquisitional principle based on the doctrine of ‘formal evidence,’ complexity of procedure in which a case could be involved in the pre-reform judicial system, secrecy of legal procedure, venality of the judicial personnel, illiteracy of the majority of judges, etc. The shortcomings made rapid and equitable administration of justice almost impossible and caused extensive dissatisfaction with the courts among the population. Nevertheless the ‘Polnoe sobranie zakonov’ and the ‘Svod Zakonov’ were completed and published during the reign of Nicholas I. They were the result of the tsar's strong desire for codification of the laws and setting the Russian empire on a strong legal foundation. A number of proposals to reform the judicial system were made in his reign as well. However any of the judicial reform proposals were not enacted due to the emperor's fear of revolution in Russian empire in the face of general revolutionary groundswell that spread across the Continent in the 1830s and 1840s and Nicholas' retreating from change at these times. Some of the officials involved with attempts to reform the judicial system nevertheless saw the need for reform of the old legal order. In short, the attempts produced the increase of notions of reform of the judicial system among the officials in the Russian government. Meanwhile, by the end of Nicholas' reign a handful of young judicial officials emerged in Petersburg. They were enlightened bureaucrats in the legal administration. They dedicated themselves to their work with the new sense of obligation to the law manifested itself in their mission to protect and advance law and justice in the legal administration. The enlightened bureaucrats also pondered on and put into practice ways to change the old judicial system. Later during the reign of Alexander II they would be the leading group of preparing and implementing the judicial reform of 1864.
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