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생태정의 관점에서 고찰하는 유럽연합의 환경범죄 대응 정책: 포용성, 비례성, 책무성을 중심으로

An Ecological Perspective on the European Union’s Responses to Environmental Crime: Inclusiveness, Proportionality, Accountability

황준서
EU연구소 (Institute for European Union Studies)|2022.08|EU연구 (Journal of European Union Studies)|제63호|pp. 77-112|DOI 10.18109/jeus.2022..63.77

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참고문헌

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유럽연합European Union정의로운 전환just transition생태정의ecological justiceecocide녹색범죄학green criminology생태학살
주제분류지역학

초록

유럽연합은 국제사회에서 환경정책을 주도하는 행위자로 꼽히고 있지만, 지속가능성을 위협하는 불법 폐기물 매립, 야생동물 불법거래 등 각종 환경범죄의 성장과 기후위기에 직면해있다. 국경을 넘나들면서 규모가 성장하고 있는 초국가적 환경범죄는 21세기에 들어서 더욱 심각해지고 있는 환경불평등과 정의와도 직결되는 사안이라는 점에서 더욱 많은 관심이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 녹색범죄학(green criminology)에서 논의되고 있는 생태정의(ecological justice) 관점을 바탕으로 환경범죄를 본래적 범죄(malum in se)와 금지적 범죄(malum prohibitum)로 구별하고, 유럽연합의 환경형법과 정의로운 전환정책을 분석한다. 현재 유럽연합은 최근 환경범죄 대응과 기후위기 등 환경정책을 강화해왔으나, 기업의 무분별한 상품생산 및 에너지 소비행위 등 지속가능성을 위협하는 활동들을 근본적으로 방지하기에는 법적 한계에 직면해있다. 이러한 한계는 유럽연합이 평등과 정의의 원칙을 환경범죄 대응에 적극적으로 수용하지 않은 데에서 기인한다고 볼 수 있다.

Abstract

Since its inauguration in 1992 and after the signing of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, the European Union (EU) has emerged as a supranational polity and strengthened its role as a global leader in environmental policy-making. As opposed to its fame as a green pioneer, however, the EU has wrestled with the growing black market where wildlife species, fisheries, timber, and minerals are illegally produced, smuggled, and trafficked. Yet only a few studies have covered environmental crime in the EU. Transnational environmental crime, which continues to grow while trespassing national borders, needs much more attention for its multiplying impacts on environmental inequalities and injustice. This research utilizes an ‘ecological justice’ perspective discussed in the field of ‘green criminology’ and assesses the EU’s policy to combat environmental crime. It demonstrates and explains why the EU’s achievements in preventing environmental crime are eclipsed by its failures to meet principles of justice to protect the environment and the society.

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