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‘중국 특색 사회주의’ 마르크스적 비판

‘Socialism with Chinese Characteristics’: A Marxian Critique

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주제분류사회과학일반

초록

시진핑을 비롯한 중국공산당 지도자들은 개혁개방 이후 중국 사회를 ‘중국 특색사회주의’라고 규정하며 마르크스주의를 중국 사회를 지도하는 주요 이념으로 제시한다. 하지만 이 글에서 필자는 개혁개방 이후 중국 사회는 마르크스가 지향했던 사회주의와 거리가 멀며, 마르크스 자신의 정의에 의거할 경우, 자본주의의 한 형태로규정될 수 있다고 주장할 것이다. 이 글에서 필자는 먼저 개혁개방 이후 중국경제의고도성장의 메커니즘을 글로벌 자본주의의 불균등결합발전의 동학으로 설명한다. 그다음 개혁개방 이후 중국 사회의 자본주의적 기본 성격과 국가자본주의적 특수성을 밝히고 중국 사회에서 작동하고 있는 ‘자본주의적 축적의 절대적 일반적 법칙’, 즉 자본주의의 모순과 위기의 동학과 제국주의적 경향을 확인한다. 이에 기초하여중국 특색 사회주의 담론은 개혁개방 이후 중국 사회의 자본주의적·국가자본주의적·제국주의적 현실을 부정하고 호도하는 중국의 당·국가 지배계급의 공식 이데올로기임을 밝힌다. 즉 이 글에서는 ‘중국 특색 사회주의’ 담론에 대해 중국의 자본주의적 현실을 대치시키는 실증적 비판과 함께 마르크스적 관점에서 내재적 비판을시도한다. 이 글에서는 자본주의 다양성론 또는 다변적 자본주의론에 주로 의거했던 기존의 중국자본주의론을 마르크스적 불균등결합발전론과 국가자본주의론의 관점에서 비판적으로 재구성하고 이를 ‘중국 특색 사회주의’ 담론 비판의 근거로 제시할 것이다

Abstract

Xi Jinping and other leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) characterize post-reform and the opening-up of Chinese society as “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (SCC)” and present Marxism as the main ideology guiding Chinese society. In this paper, however, I argue that this process is far from the socialism that Marx envisioned and can be characterized as a form of capitalism according to his own definition. First, this paper explains the high growth of the Chinese economy post-reformin terms of the ‘Uneven and Combined Development (UCD)’ dynamics of global capitalism. It then reveals the post-reform basic capitalist nature and state capitalist specificity of Chinese society and identifies “the absolute general law of capitalist accumulation” (K. Marx) at work in Chinese society, namely the contradictions and crisis dynamics of capitalism and its imperialist tendencies. On this basis, it reveals that ‘Discourses on SCC’,the official ideology of China’s Party-State ruling class, denies and misrepresents the capitalist, state-capitalist, and imperialist reality of post-reform Chinese society, negating Marxian theories of capitalism and socialism. In sum, this paper critically reconstructs the existing theories of Chinese capitalism, which mainly rely on ‘Theories of Varieties of Capitalism (VoC)’ or ‘Theories of Variegated Capitalism (VC)’, by using Marxian perspectives on UCD and state capitalism to criticize ‘Discourses on SCC’.

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