분뇨서사에 굴절된 대도시 한양의 팽창

Abstract

This paper has studied the relationship between ‘feces(糞壤)' left fossilized by the Joseon people(朝鮮人) infected with roundworms and Hanyang(漢陽), the capital city of the Yi dynasty from the viewpoint of ’expansion’ of the metropolis Hanyang from the end of 17th century until the 19th century. The researcher made a judgement that the functional relation between the two factors of expansion of Hanyang and manure epic can be confirmed by the story of manure epic (feces and urine stories). The researcher started to study the writings of Chojeong Park Je-ga(楚亭 朴齊家, 1750~1805) who criticized the excreta scattered over the streets of Hanyang capital city and moved the focus of studies to the literary epics to find out the deep stories of ‘Hanyang(漢陽)’ that agonized over the excreta problems. The researcher named the epic stories ‘Bunnyoseosa(excreta epic).’ Chapter II starts to analyze the “『Cheongseongjapgi』(靑城雜記:clean castle story)” written by Seong Dae-jung(成大中, 1732~1809), a scholar in late Joseon Dynasty. It is because this book contains the illustrations about “Ddonggae”(dung dong that feeds on dung). The roles of “Ddonggae(똥개)” and “Ddongmul”(똥물: dung water) that usually treated the human excreta in the city in those Yi Dynasty days could be found in the stories of “『Taepyeonghanhwagolgyejeon』(太平閑話滑稽傳: peace and leisure stories)” written by Seo Geo-jeong(徐居正, 1420~1488). This information revealed that even in early Joseon period dung dogs and dung streams could treat only little part of the human excreta of the urban residents in the capital city Hanyang. In Chapter III the researcher studied the written stories of Seo Geo-jeong and Park Ji-won and the Bunnyoseosa stories in oral literary works. As the residents of the capital city Hanyang increase, the dung dogs and the dung streams could not solve the problems of human excreta any more. Yeonam Park Ji-won(燕巖 朴趾源, 1737~1805) recorded the landscape of this era. In his “ <Story of Teacher Yedeok>(穢德先生傳)” appears new characters that do not appear in the previous Bunnyosa. The point is that the characteristics of excreta collecting persons during the Joseon period were described in this book. Then in the literary fable written in “『Gogeumsochong』(古今笑叢)” appears a story about ‘a toilet hut that receives fees.’ Of course stories about human excreta have not only written records exclusively but also diverse oral stories that have been related to person to person so far. The landscapes related with the toilet culture of the old Hanyang city appear in the two oral stories of “A Person Who Went to Seoul to Shit,” “Cleaning Dung During Vacations.” In spite of the differences that written stories have their concrete dates of records but oral stories do not have their concrete dates of origins, the researcher could find out that these two kinds of stories have some values that reveal the degrees of expansion of the old Hanyang city and the changes in the contents of its expansion. In Chapter IV the researcher discussed about the meaning and implication of the Bunnyoseosa that confirms the functions of ‘Bunnyosugeoin (excreta collectors)’ who were usually despised and isolated from their society. The researcher discussed about the fact that the characters who did not appear before Yonam appeared after Yeonam wrote about them in detail means that old Hanyang city had expanded as a large capital city in ratio to the increase of human excreta in the city. The phrases in the work of Yeonam Park Ji-won “<Story of Teacher Yeodeok>(穢德先生傳)” that express ‘try to possess the profits exclusively(“獨專其利”)’ and ‘try to possess the more shares of the profits out of greed(“貪多而務得”)’ have literary implications that the excreta collectors ‘acted high-handedly(“橫暴”)’ to their clients. Such features of excreta collectors imply that the ‘expansion’ of Hanyang in those days had bring forth not only the changes in population structure and spatial structures but also the changes in economic structures that are quite different from the previous period. The oral stories as well as the recorded stories show that all the Bunnyoseosa stories have economic value implications in their contexts. This also proves that human excreta has connection with economic expansion of the old city Hanyang.