J. S. 밀의 ‘삶의 기술’의 ‘분별’에 대한 연구
A study on J.S. Mill’s ‘Prudence’ in the ‘Art of Life’
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‘삶의 기술(art of life)’은 J. S. 밀의 윤리학을 포괄하는 개념으로 『논리의 체계』 3판 마지막 장에서 등장한다. 밀은 인간 행동을 도덕(moral), 분별(prudence), 심미(aesthetic)로 구분하는데 이는 삶의 기술의 세 영역을 이루고 있다. 본 연구는 삶의 기술의 세 영역 중 분별에 대해서 고찰한다. 분별에 대한 기존 논의는 ‘분별은 누구의 이익을 증진하는가?’라는 질문과 ‘분별은 도덕적 강제 혹은 제재를 수반하는가?’라는 두 가지 질문을 중심으로 진행되었다. 연구자는 전자의 질문을 중심으로 이뤄지는 논의를 ‘이익 논증’, 후자의 질문을 중심으로 이뤄지는 논의를 ‘제재 논증’이라고 구분해 양자를 비판적으로 검토한다. 이후 밀이 제시하는 분별에 대한 설명 그리고 분별 있는 행동과 무분별한 행동의 사례 분석을 통해 분별력, 분별의 요소가 분별 있는 행동의 필요조건이라는 것을 보인다. 이를 바탕으로 삶의 기술의 분별은 덕의 함양과 개별성 발휘로 이뤄진 자기 발전이라는 자기 관계적 행동의 지침, 자기 관계적 의무를 제시한다는 해석을 제안한다.
Abstract
The concept of ‘Art of Life’ embraces Mill’s utilitarian ethics. He introduced ‘The Art of Life’ in the last chapter of the third edition of the System of Logic and divided human behavior into three departments: morality, prudence and aesthetics. These departments constitute the Art of Life. This study examines prudence among them. Looking at the existing discussions on prudence, one can see that they centered on two questions: “Whose interest does prudence promote?” and “Does prudence lead to moral coercion or moral sanctions?” I will classify the discussion centered on the first question as ‘Argument from interest’, the discussion centered on the last question as ‘Argument from sanction’, and I will review both critically. Next, I will analyze Mill's explanation of prudence and cases of conducts that are prudent and imprudent to show that the elements of prudence are a necessary condition for prudent conduct. On this basis, I suggest that in Art of Life, prudence presents a guideline for self-regarding action or the self-regarding duty of self-development, which consists of cultivating virtue and exercising individuality.
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