다수결 원칙과 정부안정성: ‘적극적 다수’와 ‘소극적 다수의’ 적용을 통한 북유럽 5개국의 비교분석
The Majority Principle and Government Stability: A Comparative Study of the Impact of Positive and Negative Majority in the Five Nordic States
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다수결의 원칙은 대의민주주의의 근간을 이룬다. 하지만 다수에 의한 통치방식은 국민주권과 정당성의 기초가 된다는 점에서는 필수불가결 요소이지만, 동시에 안정적 정부를 통한 국가의 운용이라는 목표를 충족시키기 위한 제도로서는 몇 가지 문제점을 안고 있다. 특히 비례대표성을 기초로 한 의회중심주의를 채택하고 있는 대다수 유럽국가들의 경우 정부구성과 예산안 통과의 난제, 불신임을 통한 잦은 정부교체 등의 비효율적 통치위기에 종종 노출된다. 이 논문은 다수결의 민주주의적 의미와 본질을 검토해 본 후 두 가지 차원, 즉 적극적 다수와 소극적 다수의 개념을 바탕으로 이루어지는 의회톨레랑스의 개념을 사용해 북유럽 5개국의 정부안정성을 분석해 보는데 초점을 둔다. 북유럽 민주주의는 소수의 목소리를 대변하는 대표성에는 충실하지만 이를 지나치게 강조할 경우 정부의 잦은 교체, 정부의실각, 예산안 통과의 어려움을 겪게됨을 보여주었다. 그 원인을 추적한 결과 두 가지 측면, 즉 선거제도의 결과 파생되는 정당의 분절화와 정부해산 요건인 상대적 다수제에 의해 기인하고 있음을 발견하였다. 덴마크와 핀란드가 그 예에 속한다. 반대로 스웨덴의 경우 정당분절화가 상대적으로 낮고, 절대적 다수제를 정부해산 요건으로 채용하고 있어 정부의 안정성도 다른 4개국보다 높게 나타난다. 요컨대, 이 논문은 정치적 안정성은 의회톨레랑스보다 정당분절화의 정도와 정부해산요건이 절대적 다수인가, 혹은 상대적 다수인가에 더 큰 영향을 받는다는 점을 보여 준다.
Abstract
The Majority principle based on the doctrine of rule of the many participating in decision-making process is the backbone of the nature of representative democracy. In spite of the principle of the majority rule seems to be the pivot elements for building democracy consisting of popular sovereignty and democratic legitimacy, the need for building a democracy sufficing the efficiency and stability of the government puts another challenge to the political scientists. The Western parliamentary democracies arduously striving for higher representativeness experience ordeals in building the government, executing budget policies, and emergence of frequent government changes as a result of adoption of vote of no-confidence. The article explores the nature and definition of the concept of majority and its diverse sub-concepts such as positive majority, negative majority, interpretation of abstention or non-voting, and parliamentary tolerance. It tackles the relationship between the majority principle adopted by the five Nordic states and the patterns of political instability. How is the relationship between patterns of majority principle adopted and government stability affected by the control variable of the electoral system measured by electoral formula, district magnitude, ballot structure, additional seats allocated for enhancing the representativeness and electoral threshold? In this study, it is argued that the more the representativeness strived the more instable the government tend to be because of the party fragmentation that in turn leads to hardship in building a government, executing budget policies and frequent involvement of government parties in no-confidence vote. This pattern was the case of Denmark and Finland. Another argument is that the relative majority adopted for dissolving the multi-party government is more likely to affect positively the government stability as detected in the case of Sweden. The study concludes that the rate of political stability is affected mechanically rather by degree of the party fragmentation as well as the government dissolution rule than by patterns of the parliamentary tolerance. Findings of the studies seem to be of great use for deeper understanding and more systematic exploration of the functions and patterns of future challenges of the parliamentary democracies based on the majority principle despite the lack of the qualitative methods and limited material used for this study.
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