일제강점기 학적부 양식의 변화로 본 식민지 교육의 실상 — 동덕여고 학적부(1914-1945)를 중심으로 —

Abstract

This article investigated the reality of education during the Japanese colonial era of Korea based on change in the school register form of Dongduk Girls’ High School(同德女高) between 1914 and 1945. School registers were under regulation of Joseon Education Ordinance(朝鮮敎育令), which came into effect in 1911. As a result, as the ordinance underwent four amendments, the goals and policy of colonial education as well as the school register form were modified accordingly. During the Dongduk Girls' School(同德女學校) period, i.e. the 1st Joseon Educaiton Ordinance period, Japanese was forcefully taught as a national language and Japanese geography also became a mandatory subject. However, the 'guarantor system,' which claimed to protect and supervise students, was relatively weak and students did not receive physical examination, which was intended to manage students' bodies according to the national standard. Character evaluation(性行評價), which is determined by the subjective judgment of the teacher, also gave positive feedback on the students, overall. Despite not being recognized as an official school, Dongduk Girls' School(同德女學校) made effort to ensure 'relative autonomy' in their student management and evaluation, which was presumably only possible as it was a private school. However, in 1926, as the school was promoted to an official school, Dongduk Girls' Hjgh School(同德女高普) became part of an official educational institution for female students and, therefore, fell under the interference and control of the Japanese and their colonial education system. This change brought reinforcement of student supervision through records of address change, household business, and socioeconomic background of the students, and guarantor/substitute guarantor system. Also, regarding curriculum, Korean was eliminated in the 3rd Joseon Education Ordinance, and, despite the female high school students' wish to study modern subjects, the ordinance reinforced practical handcraft education, setting the goal of female high school education during the 1920s and 1930s as a training school for bride. Dongduk Girls' High School(同德女高普) began to conduct physical examination in 1928, and, from 1934, the examination and measurement items were added and specialized, while emphasizing the importance of physical management according to the examination result in an attempt to manage the students' physical status according to a set of standards. Especially, during the 1930s, under the period of war time mobilization, the students were regarded as reserved military and labor force that could be called upon at any time. During the 4th Joseon Education Ordinance, which was enforced in 1943, regular school education was all but suspended as the students were used for labor, which was scored and recorded in the school register. As the schools became militarized and education weakened, academic performance was graded on a curve. However, despite the constraints under the colonial education system, teachers of Dongduk Girls' High School(同德女高普) and Dongduk Girls' High School(同德高女) used the 'character evaluation' for determining students preference in school subjects and career goals, rather than for evaluating their characters and mostly gave positive evaluation for students so as to facilitate further education or employment of the students.