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淸朝 臺灣 영유 결정의 해양사적 고찰 ― 明末 淸初 澎湖의 지정학적 위상 변화를 중심으로 ―

The Maritime Historical Consideration for the Qing Empire’s stance terrorizing Taiwan — Focused on the change of Peng-hu’s Geopolitical Stature from the end of the Ming to early Qing —

채경수
명청사학회 (The Society For Ming-Qing Historical Studies)|2021.04|명청사연구 (Journal of Ming-Qing Historical Studies)|제55호|pp. 111-151

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참고문헌

키워드

台湾臺灣네덜란드 동인도회사荷兰东印度公司施琅澎湖東番大員鄭氏勢力淸朝의 臺灣 정복「恭陳臺灣棄留疏」澎湖[彭湖]东番大员郑氏势力清朝的台湾征服「恭陈台湾弃留疏」
주제분류역사학

초록

This research trace the island named Peng-hu(澎湖), in terms of what kind of geopolitical position it had, and how its status has changed in the turbulent maritime world during the mid 16th century to the late 17th century, especially with consideration given to the relations with Taiwan(臺灣). Until the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Peng-hu was an island that place on the marginal edge of the empire territory, and it was virtually abandoned place due to the Hong-wu(洪武) emperor’s emptying islands policy. Naturally, there was a little traffic with ‘barbaric island’-Taiwan. However, the Peng-hu’s geopolitical stature had risen drastically on the effects of ‘Late wokou(後期倭寇)’ and ‘the open of Hai-cheng harbor (海澄開港)’ after the mid and late 16th century. Ever since, Peng-hu achieved recognition and functioned as a critical point to link the northern and the southern sea routes. Such importance was directly related to the maritime security issues caused by Wokou and the overseas trade opportunity with Manila. In 1622, VOC tried to occupy Peng-hu, and the Ming firmly took determined action in response. Such event clearly shows the rise of the geopolitical importance of the Peng-hu, where two critical factors overlapped - security concerns and trade opportunities. VOC’s aim was to obstruct the Spain-Manila trade route by occupying Peng-hu. The Ming empire actively responded against security threats and the trade damage that could cause by losing of Peng-hu. The confrontation was concluded by which VOC decided to give up Peng-hu and establish a new basement in southwestern Taiwan. The VOC’s colonization of Taiwan pushed up this barbaric island to the front stage of the world’s history. Meanwhile, Peng-hu had lost the focus of the public attention for a while. The Zheng regime(鄭氏勢力) conquest Taiwan quite easily, thanks to VOC, which had abandoned Peng-hu. Such a lesson has accepted seriously by both the Zheng regime and the Qing empire. That is why the military confrontation between the Zheng regime and the Qing empire had formed around Peng-hu. Because both regimes recognized the meaning of occupying Peng-hu, as almost the same as Conquest Taiwan. The naval battle of Peng-hu in 1683 was not just an opening stage battle but a pitched battle, in which both sides poured every available resource. Thus, the balance of power tilted toward the Qing empire, when Shi Lang(施瑯)’s fleet defeated Zheng’s fleet and occupied Peng-hu. In the early moment, the interest of the Qing empire for Taiwan was on the ‘people’ rather than the ‘territory’. Nevertheless, the two major contributors of the Taiwan Conquest - Shi Lang and Yao Qi-sheng(姚啓聖) emphasized with one voice the necessity of possessing Taiwan. Among them, Shi Lang sent a memorial called Gong Chen Tai Wan Qi Liu Shu(恭陳臺灣棄留疏), in which Shi Lang argued the imperativeness of terrorizing Taiwan through the history of the last century. Although Shi Lang appealed that Taiwan was an essential military strategical foothold for pacifying coastal provinces, at the same time, he also showed that Peng-hu still remained as a critical point in the new defense system. Shi Lang’s Memorial reveals the geopolitical importance of Peng-hu, which had privileged for the last century, has begun to intertwine with the new rising geographical context – Taiwan.

Abstract

This research trace the island named Peng-hu(澎湖), in terms of what kind of geopolitical position it had, and how its status has changed in the turbulent maritime world during the mid 16th century to the late 17th century, especially with consideration given to the relations with Taiwan(臺灣). Until the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Peng-hu was an island that place on the marginal edge of the empire territory, and it was virtually abandoned place due to the Hong-wu(洪武) emperor’s emptying islands policy. Naturally, there was a little traffic with ‘barbaric island’-Taiwan. However, the Peng-hu’s geopolitical stature had risen drastically on the effects of ‘Late wokou(後期倭寇)’ and ‘the open of Hai-cheng harbor (海澄開港)’ after the mid and late 16th century. Ever since, Peng-hu achieved recognition and functioned as a critical point to link the northern and the southern sea routes. Such importance was directly related to the maritime security issues caused by Wokou and the overseas trade opportunity with Manila. In 1622, VOC tried to occupy Peng-hu, and the Ming firmly took determined action in response. Such event clearly shows the rise of the geopolitical importance of the Peng-hu, where two critical factors overlapped - security concerns and trade opportunities. VOC’s aim was to obstruct the Spain-Manila trade route by occupying Peng-hu. The Ming empire actively responded against security threats and the trade damage that could cause by losing of Peng-hu. The confrontation was concluded by which VOC decided to give up Peng-hu and establish a new basement in southwestern Taiwan. The VOC’s colonization of Taiwan pushed up this barbaric island to the front stage of the world’s history. Meanwhile, Peng-hu had lost the focus of the public attention for a while. The Zheng regime(鄭氏勢力) conquest Taiwan quite easily, thanks to VOC, which had abandoned Peng-hu. Such a lesson has accepted seriously by both the Zheng regime and the Qing empire. That is why the military confrontation between the Zheng regime and the Qing empire had formed around Peng-hu. Because both regimes recognized the meaning of occupying Peng-hu, as almost the same as Conquest Taiwan. The naval battle of Peng-hu in 1683 was not just an opening stage battle but a pitched battle, in which both sides poured every available resource. Thus, the balance of power tilted toward the Qing empire, when Shi Lang(施瑯)’s fleet defeated Zheng’s fleet and occupied Peng-hu. In the early moment, the interest of the Qing empire for Taiwan was on the ‘people’ rather than the ‘territory’. Nevertheless, the two major contributors of the Taiwan Conquest - Shi Lang and Yao Qi-sheng(姚啓聖) emphasized with one voice the necessity of possessing Taiwan. Among them, Shi Lang sent a memorial called Gong Chen Tai Wan Qi Liu Shu(恭陳臺灣棄留疏), in which Shi Lang argued the imperativeness of terrorizing Taiwan through the history of the last century. Although Shi Lang appealed that Taiwan was an essential military strategical foothold for pacifying coastal provinces, at the same time, he also showed that Peng-hu still remained as a critical point in the new defense system. Shi Lang’s Memorial reveals the geopolitical importance of Peng-hu, which had privileged for the last century, has begun to intertwine with the new rising geographical context – Taiwan.

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관련 논문AI추천

淸朝의 包攝 政策과 鄭氏 隷下 海上集團의 轉向 ― 臺灣遠征隊 구성원의 성격 분석을 중심으로 ―채경수명청사학회 · 명청사연구2019 · 제52호遷界令의 전략적 의미 재검토 ― 복건 연해 해상세력의 동향을 중심으로 ―채경수명청사학회 · 명청사연구2017 · 제48호17세기 중엽 조선에 표류한 鄭成功 계열 海商에 대한 조선 지배층의 인식과 그 성격양지하이화사학연구소 · 이화사학연구2015 · 제50호네덜란드 동인도회사의 기록을 통해 본 明末의 貿易構造― 1620년대 月港 무역의 변화와 澎湖事件 ―한지선명청사학회 · 명청사연구2013 · 제40호17세기 후반 臺灣 鄭氏海上勢力에 대한 조선의 정보 수집과 그 의미우인수대구사학회 · 대구사학2010 · 제100권 중국해양사를 바라보는 또 다른 시각 ― 대만학계의 연구성과를 중심으로조세현대한중국학회 · 중국학2015 · 제53호

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