淸朝의 包攝 政策과 鄭氏 隷下 海上集團의 轉向 ― 臺灣遠征隊 구성원의 성격 분석을 중심으로 ―
The Appeasement Policy of the Qing and the Conversion of Merchant-Pirate Groups under the Zheng — A Study on the Identities of the Members of the Taiwan Campaign Army —
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This research attempts to draw a conclusion that the appeasement policy and the conversion of merchant-pirate groups under the Zheng served as the impetus of the Qing’s victory against the Zheng. Most of the Fujianese merchant-pirate groups were normally under the banner of the Zheng or cooperated in the business of the Zheng. When they did not have any common interests with the Zheng, they often stayed in neutral, hardly supported the Qing against the Zheng. The Zheng was able to fight against the giant-the Qing empire- under the endorsement of Chinese merchant-pirate groups. The Qing court implemented an appeasement policy targeting the Zheng continuously. The appeasement policy of the Qing may be categorized into two kinds. The one is conciliatory moves towards the chiefs of the Zheng directly. The other is aiming the subordinate groups of the Zheng instead. The former failed utterly, while the latter achieved enormous success. As a result, the Qing obtained powerful allies, whereas the Zheng lost its influence over the Chinese merchant-pirate groups. Fujianese formed a majority in the Taiwan campaign army from high-level officers to low-level soldiers. Many of them were surrenderers from the Zheng camp. In other words, the Zheng was conquered by the Qing navy, which was composed of Fujian littoral peoples, who escaped from the shadow of the Zheng’s influence. The military value of the Taiwan campaign army fell rapidly after the elimination of the Zheng. However, under Shi Lang’s tremendous efforts, the surrenderers melted into the Qing navy successfully. Surely, the retainment of Taiwan and the establishment of the Taiwan Garrison are the most representative achievements. In short, the merchant-pirate groups in Fujian did not disappear with the extinction of the Zheng but transformed themselves into the Qing navy successfully.
Abstract
This research attempts to draw a conclusion that the appeasement policy and the conversion of merchant-pirate groups under the Zheng served as the impetus of the Qing’s victory against the Zheng. Most of the Fujianese merchant-pirate groups were normally under the banner of the Zheng or cooperated in the business of the Zheng. When they did not have any common interests with the Zheng, they often stayed in neutral, hardly supported the Qing against the Zheng. The Zheng was able to fight against the giant-the Qing empire- under the endorsement of Chinese merchant-pirate groups. The Qing court implemented an appeasement policy targeting the Zheng continuously. The appeasement policy of the Qing may be categorized into two kinds. The one is conciliatory moves towards the chiefs of the Zheng directly. The other is aiming the subordinate groups of the Zheng instead. The former failed utterly, while the latter achieved enormous success. As a result, the Qing obtained powerful allies, whereas the Zheng lost its influence over the Chinese merchant-pirate groups. Fujianese formed a majority in the Taiwan campaign army from high-level officers to low-level soldiers. Many of them were surrenderers from the Zheng camp. In other words, the Zheng was conquered by the Qing navy, which was composed of Fujian littoral peoples, who escaped from the shadow of the Zheng’s influence. The military value of the Taiwan campaign army fell rapidly after the elimination of the Zheng. However, under Shi Lang’s tremendous efforts, the surrenderers melted into the Qing navy successfully. Surely, the retainment of Taiwan and the establishment of the Taiwan Garrison are the most representative achievements. In short, the merchant-pirate groups in Fujian did not disappear with the extinction of the Zheng but transformed themselves into the Qing navy successfully.
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