본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

테미스토클레스의 도편추방 원인

The Causes of Themistocles’ Ostracism

변정심
한국서양고대역사문화학회 (THE KOREAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE WESTERN ANCIENT HISTORY AND CULTURE)|2008.12|서양고대사연구 (The Journal of Classical Studies)|제23호|pp. 101-136|DOI 10.20975/jcskor.2008..23.101

0

조회

0

다운로드

4

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

테미스토클레스Themistocles아이스킬로스AeschylusOstracismKimon도편추방키몬알크마이온家Alcmaeonid
주제분류역사학

초록

Themistocles, the hero of Salamis, was a brilliant politician of Athens. But he was ostracized in 471/0 B.C. What was the cause for Themistocles’ ostracism? This paper considers two reasons: one is political, the other is individual. The political cause of Themistocles’ ostracism was his anti-Spartan policies. His aim was unchallenged supremacy for Athens over all the Greeks, a policy hostile toward Sparta. Now Persia had been so throughly defeat in 480/79 that she was unlikely to mount another invasion of mainland Greece. Persia was no longer a positive menace to Athens. He had opportunities for discovering the real situation at Sparta: In Judging the situation that, the real enemy of Athens was no longer Persia but Sparta. Themistocles’ political opponents Alcmaeonid, Aristeides and Kimon etc. opposed anti-Spartan policies. It must have been apparent to all his opponents that the safe and expedient course was to maintain friendly relations with the Spartan and to encourage their acquiescence to the emergence of Athens as the hegemonic power in the Aegean and the leader of the war against Persia. The individual cause of Themistocles’ ostracism was self-praise and desire of honor. His popularity was beginning steady decline after wars. But he constantly reminded the assembly of his achievements, which in fact annoyed the people more. He went back to his contributions at Salamis not only verbally, but visually. Themistocles’ enemies tried to muster the negative votes need to ostracize him. His defence was a poetic one: in the spring of 472 B.C. Aeschylus presented his drama The Persians. Aeschylus attempted to call the Athenians to remind them again of the debt they owed to the Savior of Salamis. His boastful remarks and offensive behaviour aroused the resentment of the common people. Seeing their chance, his opponents plotted against him. Rumors were spread claiming that he would be medizers. Surely it was he did not approve of an aggressively anti-Persian policy. It is important that acute fears of the Persians and medizers existed at Athens. Even as the Greeks celebrated their victories at wars, and attempted panhellenic unity, the fear remained paramount in the minds of a significant number of Athenians. Medism was at the center of the rhetoric that convinced a sufficient number of the demos that Themistocles should be ostracized. The Athenians would achieve the political liberty and democratic equality by the ostracism.

Abstract

Themistocles, the hero of Salamis, was a brilliant politician of Athens. But he was ostracized in 471/0 B.C. What was the cause for Themistocles’ ostracism? This paper considers two reasons: one is political, the other is individual. The political cause of Themistocles’ ostracism was his anti-Spartan policies. His aim was unchallenged supremacy for Athens over all the Greeks, a policy hostile toward Sparta. Now Persia had been so throughly defeat in 480/79 that she was unlikely to mount another invasion of mainland Greece. Persia was no longer a positive menace to Athens. He had opportunities for discovering the real situation at Sparta: In Judging the situation that, the real enemy of Athens was no longer Persia but Sparta. Themistocles’ political opponents Alcmaeonid, Aristeides and Kimon etc. opposed anti-Spartan policies. It must have been apparent to all his opponents that the safe and expedient course was to maintain friendly relations with the Spartan and to encourage their acquiescence to the emergence of Athens as the hegemonic power in the Aegean and the leader of the war against Persia. The individual cause of Themistocles’ ostracism was self-praise and desire of honor. His popularity was beginning steady decline after wars. But he constantly reminded the assembly of his achievements, which in fact annoyed the people more. He went back to his contributions at Salamis not only verbally, but visually. Themistocles’ enemies tried to muster the negative votes need to ostracize him. His defence was a poetic one: in the spring of 472 B.C. Aeschylus presented his drama The Persians. Aeschylus attempted to call the Athenians to remind them again of the debt they owed to the Savior of Salamis. His boastful remarks and offensive behaviour aroused the resentment of the common people. Seeing their chance, his opponents plotted against him. Rumors were spread claiming that he would be medizers. Surely it was he did not approve of an aggressively anti-Persian policy. It is important that acute fears of the Persians and medizers existed at Athens. Even as the Greeks celebrated their victories at wars, and attempted panhellenic unity, the fear remained paramount in the minds of a significant number of Athenians. Medism was at the center of the rhetoric that convinced a sufficient number of the demos that Themistocles should be ostracized. The Athenians would achieve the political liberty and democratic equality by the ostracism.

참고문헌 (79)

  1. "Herodotos", ~
  2. "Thucydides", ~
  3. "Demosthenes", ~
  4. Aristotles, "Athenaion Politeia", ~
  5. A. J. Podlecki, "The Life of Themistocles : a Critical Survey of the Literary and Archaeological Evidence", pp.185~194 (1975), Montreal & London: McGill-Queen’s University Press
  6. R. Thomsen, "The Origin of Ostracism : A Synthesis", pp.118~132 (1972), Copenhagen: Gyldendal
  7. 정진기, "전(前) 480년대 아테네의 정쟁과 그 배경", 서양고전학 연구, 2, pp.1~34 (1988)
  8. 조인형, "아테네에 있어서의 도편추방제도의 목적과 변질에 관한 연구", 강원사학, 7, pp.139~168 (1991)
  9. 류연승, "인물로 보는 서양고대사", pp.132~163 (2006), 길
  10. G. Busolt, "Griechische Geschichte III", pp.110~111 (1904), München
  11. G. Glotz, "Histoire Grecque II", pp.122~ (1929), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France
  12. The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, "D. Kagan", pp.57~61 (1969), Ithaca［N.Y.］: Cornell University Press
  13. G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, "The Origins of the Peloponnesian War", pp.173~178 (1972), London
  14. G. L. Cawkwell, "Auckland Classical Essays. Presented to E. M. Blaiklock", pp.39~58 (1970), London: Oxford University Press
  15. J. H. Schreiner, "The Origin of Ostracism Again", Classica et Mediaevalia, 31, pp.84~97 (1972)
  16. N. Robertson, "Timocreon and Themistocles", American Journal of Philology, 101, pp.61~78 (1980)
  17. D. F. Graf, "Medism : the Origin and Significance of the Term", Journal of Hellenic Studies, 104, pp.15~30 (1984)
  18. R. M. McMullin, "Aspects of Medizing: Themistocles, Simonides and Timocreon of Rhodes", Classical Journal, 97, pp.55~67 (2001)
  19. W. R. Connor, "The New Politicians of Fifth󰠏Century Athens", pp.5~9 (1971), Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press
  20. M. I. Finley, "Studies in Ancient Society", pp.3~24 (1974), London
  21. R. Sealey, "A History of the Greek City󰠏States ca. 700-338 B.C.", pp.89~94 (1976), Berkeley : University of California Press
  22. F. D. Harvey, "Literacy in The Athenians Democracy", Revue des Etudes Grecques, 79, pp.~591 (1966)
  23. R. Meiggs, "A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century B.C", pp.~43 (1968), Oxford
  24. E. Vanderpool, "Ostracism at Athens", Lectures in Memory of Louise Taft Semple, Second Series 1966-71, ~226 (1973)
  25. P. J. Rhodes, "In Ritual, Finance, Politics: Athenian Democratic Accounts Presented to David Lewis", pp.93~94 (1994), Oxford : Clarendon Press
  26. 최자영, "前5세기 아테나이 정치적 투쟁의 성격", 경북사학, 3, pp.137~177 (1981)
  27. W. G. Forrest, "Themistocles and Argos", Classical Quarterly, 10, pp.232~233 (1960)
  28. 변정심, "테미스토클레스 영웅적 죽음의 실체", 서양고대사연구, 19(19), pp.117~159 (2006), 한국서양고대역사문화학회
  29. A. R. Burn, "Persia and the Greeks : The Defence of the West, 546-478 B.C", pp.265~267 (1984), Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press
  30. Plutarchos, "Themistocles", ~
  31. 이순연, "아테네 트리에라르키아(τριηραρχία)의 기원과 성격", 서양사학연구, 4, 5, pp.1~36 (2001)
  32. 김진경, "그리스 비극과 민주정치", pp.76~77 (1991), 일조각
  33. P. J. Rhodes, "A History of the Classical Greek World: 478-323 BC", pp.6~ (2006), Malden, Mass. : Blackwell
  34. E. M. Walker, "Cambridge Ancient History V", pp.35~ (1969), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  35. J.L.Marr, "Plutarch:Lives Themistocles", pp.119~ (1998), Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd. England
  36. R. Flaceliére, "Sur quelques points obscurs de la vie de Thémistocles", Revue des Etudes Anciennes, 55, pp.~22 (1953)
  37. N.G.L.Hammond, "A History of Greece to 322 B.C", pp.255~ (1967), Oxford: Clarendon Press
  38. F. J. Frost, "Themistocles’ Place in Athenian Politics", California Studies in Classical Antiquity, ~120 (1968)
  39. A. Blamire, "A Historical Commentary on Plutarch’s Life of Kimon", pp.39~40 (1983), Belfast: Queen’s University
  40. J.Boardman, "Greece and the Hellenistic World", pp.123~ (1995), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  41. R. J. Lenardon, "The Chronology of Themistokles’s Ostracism and Exile", Historia, 8, pp.~33 (1959)
  42. P.J.Rhodes, "A Commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia", pp.84~ (1981), Oxford : Oxford University Press
  43. J.K.Davies, "Athenian Propertied Families 600-300 B.C", pp.212~ (1971), Oxford : Clarendon Press
  44. B. D. Meritt, "Greek Inscription", Hesperia, 8, pp.60~62 (1939)
  45. W. W. How, "A Commentary on Herodotus with Introduction and Appendixes Ⅱ", pp.40~ (1912), Oxford : Oxford University Press
  46. R. Develin, "Athenian Officials, 684-321 B.C.", pp.47~ (2003), Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
  47. T. J. Cadoux, "The Athenian Archons from Kreon to Hypsichides", Journal of Hellenic Studies, 68, pp.~110 (1948)
  48. S.Hornblower, "Oxford Classical Dictionary", pp.1268~ (1996), Oxford: Oxford University Press
  49. P. J. Bicknell, "Leobotes Alkmeonos and Alkmeon Aristonymou", Studies Athenian Politics and Genealogy Historia Einzelschrift, 19, pp.56~61 (1972)
  50. 김진경, "그리스 문화 연구 여담", pp.151~155 (1996), 성균관대 출판부
  51. C. Hignett, "A History of the Athenian Constitution", pp.~183 (1952), Oxford
  52. 변정심, "살라미스 해전에서 ‘나무 성벽’ 신탁의 역할", 역사와경계, 59(59), pp.251~288 (2006), 부산경남사학회
  53. Plutarchos, "Kimon", ~
  54. O. Broneer, "Excavations on the North Slope of the Acropolis 1937", Hesperia, 7, pp.228~241 (1938)
  55. M. L. Lang, "The Athenian Agora : Ostraka, vol. 25", pp.142~158 (1990), Princeton, N. J. : The American School of Classical Studies at Athens
  56. F. D. Harvey, "Literacy in The Athenians Democracy", Revue des Etudes Grecques, 79, pp.~591 (1966)
  57. R. Meiggs, "A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century B.C", pp.43~ (1968), London :Oxford
  58. E. Vanderpool, "Ostracism at Athens", Lectures in Memory of Louise Taft Semple, ~226 (1973)
  59. P. J. Rhodes, "In Ritual, Finance, Politics: Athenian Democratic Accounts Presented to David Lewis", pp.93~94 (1994), Oxford : Clarendon Press
  60. M. H. Hansen, "The 190 Themistokles Ostraka as Evidence of Large Political Groups", Ancient History Matters. Studies Presented to Jens Erik Skydsgaard on His Seventieth Birthday, ~
  61. Karen Ascani, "Analecta Romana Instituti Danici", Supplement XXX, 193~198 (2002)
  62. M. H. Hansen, "Athenian Assembly in the Age of Demosthenes", pp.~83 (1987), Oxford
  63. S. Forsdyke, "Exile, Ostracism, and Democracy :the Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece", pp.154~177 (2005), Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press
  64. P. Wilson, "The Athenian Institution of the Khoregia : the Chorus, the City, and the Stage", pp.51~53 (2000), Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
  65. J. L. Marr, "Plutarch: Lives Themistocles", ~81
  66. R. Develin, "Athenian Officials, 684-321 B.C.", pp.~67 (2003), Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
  67. R.J.Lenardon, "The Saga of Themistocles", pp.105~ (1978), London: Thames & Hudson
  68. 김진경, "아이스킬로스와 아테나이 정치", 72~74
  69. S. Brunnṡaker, "The Tyrant-Slayers of Kritios and Nesiotes", pp.25~98 (1955), Lund: Håkan Ohlssons Boktryckerei
  70. A. J. Podlecki, "The Political Significance of the Athenian ‘Tyrannicide-’Cult", Historia, 15, pp.~129 (1966)
  71. R. Hercher, "Epistolographi Graeci", pp.~748 (1873), Paris
  72. R. J. Lenardon, "The Archonship of Themistokle", Historia, 5, pp.~34 (1956)
  73. A. Podlecki, "The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy", pp.12~ (1966), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
  74. H. Konishi, "Cimon and the ‘Persian’ Tetralogy", Liverpool Classical Monthly, 4, pp.161~164 (1979)
  75. M. Cary, "When Was Themistocles Ostracized?", Classical Review, 36, pp.~162 (1922)
  76. A.W.Gomme, "A Historical Commentary on Thucydides Ⅰ", pp.401~ (1945), Oxford: Clarendon Press
  77. S. Brenne, "Die Ostraka(487-ca. 416 v Chr.) als Testimonien", Ostrakismos Testimonien. Vol. 1, 155, pp.130~131 (2002)
  78. V. J. Robsivach, "Some Fifth and the Fourth-Century Views on the Purpose of Ostracism", Tyche, 2, pp.161~170 (1987)
  79. S, Forsdyke, "Exile, Ostracism, and Democracy : the Politics of Expulsion in Ancient Greece", pp.177~ (2005), Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press

관련 논문AI추천

테미스토클레스의 반역죄 재판변정심한국서양고전학회 · 서양고전학연구2009 · 제37호The Politics of Expulsion in the Classical Athens: Ostracism and Democracy문혜경한국서양고대역사문화학회 · 서양고대사연구2011 · 제28호테미스토클레스 초상조각에 나타난 영웅 이미지변정심지중해지역원 · 지중해지역연구2014 · 제16권 제3호테세우스 영웅숭배와 고대 아테네 정치최자영한국서양고대역사문화학회 · 서양고대사연구2009 · 제24호아테네 비극 속의 헤라클레스－에우리피데스 비극의 역사적 콘텍스트－최혜영지중해지역원 · 지중해지역연구2010 · 제12권 제3호아테네에 있어서의 陶片追放制度의 目的과 變質에 관한 硏究조인형강원사학회 · 江原史學1991 · 제7호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (9건)

나보니두스의 정치, 종교적 행적(行蹟)과 그 배경이동규pp. 7-32느부갓네살 2세: 역사와 전승유윤종pp. 33-58고전기 아테네인의 성 규범과 태도문혜경pp. 59-100제1차 시칠리아 노예반란의 원인과 의도차전환pp. 137-164로마제국에서의 미트라스 숭배에 관한 연구김영신pp. 165-196
원문 보기