테미스토클레스의 반역죄 재판
The Treason Trial of Themistocles
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아테네의 뛰어난 정치가로서 살라미스 해전을 승리로 이끌어 그리스 를 구원한 영웅으로 추앙받던 테미스토클레스가 조국을 배반한 반역자로 전락 하게 되는 재판의 전말에 관해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본고는 단편적으로 남아있는 고대 사료와 근대 사가들의 연구 성과를 분석하여 반역죄 재판의 헌 정사적 위치와 의미를 밝히고자 하였다. 사건의 배경을 알아보고, 기소자 레오 보테스의 신상을 파악하여 구체적인 원인 파악하였으며, 반역죄 기소 사건이 일어난 연대 및 재판권 등을 제시하고자 하였다. 테미스토클레스는 반스파르타 외교노선을 추진하다가 아테네에서 도편추방당한 후에도 아르고스로 가서 민주 정자들의 도움을 받으며 펠로폰네소스 반도에서 반스파르타 연합체 형성을 고 무하였다. 스파르타는 펠로폰네소스 동맹 지배권이 위협을 받게 되자 섭정 파 우사니아스와 공모하여 반역을 도모했다는 이유로 테미스토클레스를 처벌하도 록 아테네에 요구하였다. 테미스토클레스와 정치적 숙적관계였고 그의 반스파 르타 외교노선에 반대했던 알크마이온가(家) 출신 레오보테스가 그를 반역죄로 기소하였다. 기원전 470년 봄 도편추방당한 테미스토클레스는 아르고스에서 체 류하던 중에 기원전 467/6년 섭정 파우사니아스의 사망 후 아르고스를 떠나 페 르시아로 도주하기 시작하여 기원전 465년 후반 소아시아 에페소스에 도착하였 다. 테미스토클레스의 반역죄 재판은 국가에 반하는 중대한 범죄에 대한 고발 조처인 에이산겔리아 소송으로서 민회에서 관할하였다. 반역죄 재판은 페르시 아 전쟁 후 스파르타에 대한 외교노선을 둘러싼 아테네 정계의 갈등과 향후 델 로스 동맹 지배권을 바탕으로 그리스의 패권을 장악하여 해상 제국을 형성을 나가는 과정을 나타낸다. 페르시아 전쟁 후 민회와 배심원법정의 권한이 강화 되고 있었음을 보여준다.
Abstract
The details of Themistocles’ condemnation for treason are notoriously difficult questions on which there is little agreement. This paper is to examine the backgrounds of the condemnation for treason, character of prosecutor Leobotes, the date of Themistocles’ charge of treason, and the jurisdiction for the case of eisangelia(impeachment). From this approach, all the ancient sources and the modern articles were carefully analyzed. Points of this paper are the followings. On being ostracized, Themistocles went to live in Argos, where he must have had friends at least from the time of his support for Argos at the Amphictyonic Council debate. He began to make trips around Peloponnese. It has been conjectured that he was engaged in stirring up opposition to Sparta in the smaller states of the Peloponnese, and it is unlikely to be a mere coincidence that there occurred political changes to a more democratic form of government in Elis and Mantineia in the late 470’s. There grew across the Peloponnese and anti-Spartan alliance. The Spartans could not long tolerate this threat to their own conservative dominance in the area, and so they began to look for a way to engineer complete overthrow Themistocles. Spartans’s Athenian friends, agreed to cooperate, and an expedient against him was soon found. Themistocles was impeached by Leobotes, son of Alcmeon, of Agryle. An Alkmeon was archon in the year of 507/6 B. C. Alkmeon archon has been identified with the farther of Leobotes, and both have been recognised as members of house of the Alcmaeonid genos. Leobotes was the name of an Agiad king in Sparta, but it is otherwise unattested in Athens of Attica. For this man it was surely programmatic, advertising a family link or interest. This family may have been Spartan proxenoi, “public friends”, at Athens. Themistocles was ostracism by 471/0 B.C. He had his abode in Argos. Pausanias died in all probability 467/6 B.C. The Spartans sent ambassandors to Athens and accused Themistocles of a share in the medism of Pausanias. Hearing that he has been condemned for treason, Themistocles begins to flight to Persia. Then came the counterrevolution in Argos, by which the old dominant families recovered control, and Themistocles no longer felt safe in the changed Argos. Themistocles’ arrival in Persia can be dates securely to late 465 B.C. or early 464 B.C. Thus the treason trial of Themistocles may have occurred in 467/6 B.C. The usual procedure for bringing charges of treason was known as eisangelia, impeachment. The prosecution of Themistocles was formally an eisangelia. In accordance with a provision of Solon the body which had jurisdiction to hear charges of treason, bought by this procedure, was the Areopagus almost certainly still retain this jurisdiction, exclusively, in the early fifth century. But the Assembly was the body which condemned Themistocles.
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