냉전시기 미국의 지역연구와 아시아 인식
American Area Studies and the American Perception of Asia during the Cold War
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미국의 아시아 인식은 기본적으로 유럽 오리엔탈리즘의 전통 속에서 미국의 ‘타자’로서 형성되었다. 이후 인종주의적 편견과 문화주의적 이해가 더하여졌다. 나아가 19세기에 들면서 미국은 아시아가 종교적으로는 신의 복음을 전달해야하는 이교도들의 지역이라고 인식하였지만, 무엇보다 태평양과 아시아가 미국의 경제발전, 상업적 이윤 추구의 가장 근본적 대상이라는 인식을 만들었다. 이런 인식의 배경에는 미국이 대서양 열강이자 태평양 열강이라는 미국의 ‘이중적 국가정체성’이 있었다. 이 같은 미국의 아시아 인식은 20세기에 들어서면서 미국의 정치적, 경제적 상황과 이해관계에 따라 약간의 변해를 보였다. 냉전과 함께 시작된 미국의 지역연구는, 아시아에 대한 기존의 미국의 아시아 인식을 과학적이고 체계적인 지식화를 걸쳐 ‘사실’ 즉, ‘일반적인 지식’으로 만들어 갔다. 그리고 그 과정에서 지역연구의 중요한 이론적 배경이 된 것은 근대화론이었고, 재정적, 정책적 배경이 된 것은 미국의 대아시아 정책의 지주였던 공산주의 봉쇄정책이었다. 미국의 지역연구는 정책적 필요성 때문에 학자들에 대한 재정적 지원을 통해 아시아에 대한 지식과 인식을 만들어 갔다. 결국 냉전시기 미국의 아시아 인식 속에는 태평양을 건너 아시아에서 상업적 팽창과 경제적 이득을 지속적으로 확보해야한다는 가장 중요한 아시아에 대한 관심, 오리엔탈리즘의 전통과 유산, 미국이 처한 지정학적 입장과 냉전정책, 미국이 대서양 열강이자 태평양 열강이기도 하다는 ‘이중적 국가정체성’ 등이 함께 엉켜서 존재하고 있었다고 해야 할 것이다. 특히 태평양 나아가 아시아를 상업적 이득의 원천으로 인식하는 미국의 대아시아 인식은 앞으로도 거의 변화가 없을 것이다.
Abstract
This paper argues that the American perception of Asia has been fundamentally a product of both Orientalism, in which Asia is seen as “the Other” of Europe, and American commercial interest in Asia. America has formulated its image and perception of Asia due mainly to its commercial interest in Asia, which the founding fathers of America as early as the late 18th century widely shared with one another as a key for the newly-born country. In the nineteenth century, as America reached the Pacific and made it its western border, many American leaders believed that the future of the country would be determined by its successful expansion toward Asia across the Pacific, and since then,America has developed its ‘dual national identities’ as both a Pacific and Atlantic Power, which in turn explains why America has increasingly maintained its deep interest in Asia and the Pacific. American Area Studies, which begun with the Cold War with the financial supports from the federal governmen for its Cold War policies and various academic foundations, elevated American images and perceptions of Asia to the status of sort of ‘facts’ about Asia through its scientific, interdisciplinary researches, while inheriting and materializing the previous American perceptions of Asia. The theoretical backbone of American Area Studies was the modernization theory that sees Asia as traditional, backward, and vulnerable to communism. In short, the American perception of Asia, produced by the Area Studies during the Cold War, was a product of the combination of Orientalism, racism, and culturalism, as well as American commercial, political, religious interests that have stemmed from the American ‘dual national identities’ as both a Pacific and Atlantic Power.
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