세계은행과 거버넌스: 정책개혁 모델의 발명에 대한 소고
The world Bank and the Origin of Governance
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1980년대 말부터 세계은행은 자신의 신자유주의적 개혁프로그램에 대해 자성하고 국제기구, 정부, 시민단체가 참여하는 합의적 정책 결정 메커니즘, 즉 거버넌스의 중요성을 강조하고 있다. 본 연구는 세계은행에서 거버넌스 담론이 구성되는 과정을 전문성의 국제적 표준화를 둘러싼 학문공동체의 경쟁이라는 관점에서 설명한다. 즉 본 연구는 국제금융기관 혹은 국제개발 기구로서 세계은행의 역할만을 다루는 것이 아니라 것이 아니라 특정한 정책지식을 정당화하고 현실에 적용하는 일종의 “상징은행”으로서의 역할에도 주목한다. 개혁을 둘러싼 과학적인 경쟁은 순수한 전문가들의 게임으로 한정되지 않으며 과학의 장과 경제적 장, 그리고 정치권력의 장의 중첩과 교차로 구성되는 복합적인 장에서 수행된다. 이 상징권력자들은 국제기구의 관료, 경제학자, 금융계의 지도자, 시민운동부문의 엘리트 등이며 이처럼 복잡한 주주들이 만들어내는 거버넌스 담론은 도덕성과 과학성 나아가 경제성과 정치성을 모두 포함한 복합적인 투쟁의 결과물임을 보여준다.
Abstract
Since 1980s, The World Bank has been autocriticized its neoliberal reform programs and pushed ahead with governance, a kind of concensual decision-making mechanism around which international organizations,national governments, and NGOs. This study explains the construction of governance discourse of the Bank from the view of the competitions among scientific communities for the international standarization of expertise. That is to say, this study analyses not only the role of the Bank as an international development organization but also its role as a kind of “symbolic bank” which legitimize certain policy ideas and applied them to the real policies. The scientific competitions around policy reforms is not limited to professional games but they are conducted in a mixed fields constructed by scientific, economic, and political sub-fields. The symbolic power in this fields are the officials in the international organization, economists, high-profiled bankers, and the elites of civil society organizations and the governance discourse constructed by these stake-holders is the result from the moral, scientific, economic, and political struggles
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