渤海 五京體制와 遼ㆍ金의 계승과 변용

Abstract

This study is a follow-up to the previously published paper on the five capitals of Parhae, Liao, and Jin. It approached this issue again on the viewpoint of ‘Five-Capital System’. It has already been pointed out that these three dynasties operated the five capitals and they added the name of Capital which indicated the direction, to the name of province side by side. In addition to, the main focus in this study was placed on the fact that its structure was connected with the territorial expansion process while forming a dual system of Gyeongbu(京府, Capital province) and Beonbu(蕃府, Local province). Parhae had Gyeongbus at its main base and put Beonbus in various ethnic regions that were expanded. On the other hand, in the case of Liao, according to the government structure of Bukmyeon-gwan(北面官, Nouth Branch Bureaucrat) and Nammyeon-gwan(南面官, South Branch Bureaucrat), while Nammyeon-gwan regions operated Gyeongbu, Bukmyeon-gwan regions established Beonbus. Especially considering the criticism that Bukmyeon-gwan could not be fitted under the framework of the Five Capitals, this paper covered not only the Geonjebu(建制府, Organic province)-focused idea but also the Daebeonbu(大蕃府, Great Local province)-focused idea. Also, this paper pointed out the 8 Beonbus that could not been paid attention to in previous paper. In Jin, the Yeojin(女眞, Jurchen) ethnic regions were basically composed in Sanggyeong(上京, the Upper capital) and Donggyeong(東京, the East Capital) as Gyeongros. This is contrary to the fact that the Georan(契丹, Khitan) ethnic regions of Liao were organized as Bukmyeon ‘Daebeonbu’s. And the regions expanded into the Han Chinese area were organized as independent Beonros. It is also contrary to the style of Liao, in which Han(漢) regions were belong to Capitals as Gyeongbu. Jin's Capital system might be same as the style of Parhae. So, If we trace back from the structure of Jin, it can prove once again that Parhae has already installed five Capitals in previousera, and the Beonbus were added later and ultimately settled down five capitals, 15 provinces, and 62 districts. Even so, the reality of Beonbus based on Liao History is still unclear. As some argue, this hypothesis cannot be established if the five-capital system had discribed by the imagination of Liao history's author. This paper paid attention of Beonbus only based on Bukmyeonkwan written in Liao History, but further research is needed. This will be the next research issue.