渤海, 遼, 金의 五京制와 上京

Abstract

This study focuses on the fact that the Five Capitals is a unique multiple capitals system developed in Parhae, Liao and Jin and deals with the succession and transformation of the Five Capitals of these dynasties. This study aims to pursue new understanding on the forming process of the Five Capitals of Parhae and deduct it inversely from the forming process and structure of three dynasties. To this end, I first reviewed the forming process of local government organization of Liao and Jin which have scarecely known to Korean academy. As a result, the Five Capitals of Liao had been formed for 120 years of long period along with the local government organization while the Jin accepted the Five Capitals of Liao intact so that they could maintain local government organization after building the Five Capitals. Such difference among forming processes of each dynasty is reflected on the combination structure of 5(6) Capitals and local government organization. In case of Liao, the Five Capitals became basic structure of entire government system and the local government units were organized under the Five Capitals. In case of Jin, on the other hand, 5(6) Capitals took the dual system of the capital provinces and the general provinces while enlarged government systems were settled down thereto. In this regard, Parhae has rather similar system with Jin rather than Liao. And we can infer that the Five Capitals of Parhae was formed before the local government organization (15 provinces 62 districts) was prepared. Also, I reviewed the roles and meaning of Sang-gyeong(the upper capital) in the Five Capitals. Parhae gave the name of Sang-gyeong to their new capital while they transferred the capital and actively realized the semantical meaning of Sang-gyeong. While Jung- gyeong(the center capital) was a symbolic center that forms ‘ethnic identity’ of Parhae hierarchy, Sang-gyeong was actual center that symbolized new ‘national identity’ for extending their control to the north and encompassing various nations. In Liao and Jin, Sang-gyeong took as much functions and roles as capital. It goes without saying that both countries called their source regions and initial capitals as Sang-gyeong succeeding the meaning of Sang-gyeong that Parhae realized. As the territory was extended to the center of Han race(漢族), they installed Jung-gyeong as new political center but Sang-gyeong kept main functions of maintaining the tradition and identity of Khitan(契丹) and Jurchen(女眞). Unlike Parhae, Sang-gyeong was ethnic centripetal body of these dynasties and Jung-gyeong was reset as national centripetal body. Another common ground of these three countries' Sang-gyeong is that they were geographically located in 44 degrees north latitude taking the role of main cities of northern dynasties that encompassed farming and nomadic regions. The same interest of Parhae that tried to put a few ethnic groups of nomadic regions together based on farming region as well as Liao and Jin that tried to unify farming regions based on nomadic regions adhered to the common ground of the installation and operation of Sang-gyeong. In this regard, the advent of Sang-gyeong along with Five Capitals System in Parhae, Liao and Jin was not by chance, and it is worthy of notice that the purpose of Parhae that first realized it was succeeded to Liao and Jin.