인도네시아 이행기정의와 수하르토 민족영웅 논쟁: 법정주의를 넘어
Beyond legalism: Indonesian transitional justice and the debate on Soeharto as a National Hero
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
1998년까지 인도네시아를 32년간 통치한 수하르토는 2008년 사망 이후 2010년 인도네시아 민족영웅 후보 명단에 이름을 올린다. 이 연구는 2010년에 시작되어 6년간 펼쳐진 수하르토 민족영웅 논쟁이 인도네시아의 이행기정의가 기존의 법정주의적 경향을 극복하는 계기가 되었다고 주장한다. 법정주의 시각은 법과 정치의 위계화 및 ‘정치적인 것’에 대한 부정, 그리고 개별 사건에 대한 사법절차에만 집중하면서 가해자와 피해자 이외의 정체성을 숨기는 것을 특징으로 하며, 이는 인도네시아 이행기정의의 특징이기도 했다. 수하르토 민족영웅 논쟁은 정당정치인, 민주화 운동가 등 기존의 이행기정의 논의에서 배제되어 있었던 행위자들을 전면에 등장시켰으며, 독재정권의 유산에 대한 총체적인 역사적 평가가 이루어질 가능성을 마련함으로써 상징적, 전기적 전기로 작용했다. 또한 논쟁을 통해 정치적 자원으로서 수하르토의 유산이 갖는 효용성의 한계가 드러나기도 했다.
Abstract
Soeharto, the former president of Indonesia who ruled the country for 32 years until 1998, was nominated as a National Hero candidate in 2010, two years after his death. In this paper, I argue that the National Hero debate on Soeharto, which had lasted for six years from 2010, provided a chance for Indonesian transitional justice to overcome its legalistic tendencies. The characteristics of a legalistic approach for transitional justice, which were shared by Indonesian transitional justice, include making hierarchy between law and politics, purging ‘the political’ from the realm of justice, focusing unduly on the judicial processes for individual cases, and hiding identities other than perpetrators and victims. The National Hero debate invited new actors, such as party politicians and anti-Soeharto activists, to the scene, and offered a possibility for further examination of authoritarian legacies in a holistic, historical manner. At the same time, the debate revealed weaknesses of Soeharto’s legacy as a political resource in contemporary Indonesia.
참고문헌 (40)
- 래프랜드, 존, "나는 죄 없이 죽는다" (2009), 책으로 보는 세상
- 서지원, "시체 구덩이와 조명: 인도네시아 ‘65년 사태’와 빤짜실라 기념비", 아시아저널, 6, pp.193~219 (2012)
- 서지원, "쓰나미와 전쟁을 딛고 : 새로운 아체를 향한 희망은 가능한가?", 아시아저널, 7, pp.265~299 (2013)
- 서지원, "민간 기념물과 논쟁적 기억: 민주화 이후 인도네시아의 사례를 중심으로", 동남아시아연구, 25(3), pp.1~47 (2015), 한국동남아학회[DOI]
- 송승원, "인도네시아 민족영웅 선정에 표상된 민족주의와 통치이데올로기", 동아연구, 33(1), pp.237~276 (2014), 동아연구소[DOI]
- "Munaslub Golkar Rekomendasikan Soeharto Pahlawan Nasiona" (2016)[URL]
- "Kelayakan Soeharto sebagai Pahlawan Diseminarkan" (2009)[URL]
- "Prabowo Ingin Jadikan Soeharto sebagai Pahlawan Nasional" (2014)[URL]
- "PKS Dukung Soeharto Dapat Gelar Pahlawan" (2010)[URL]
- Arthur, Paige, "How ‘Transitions’ Reshaped Human Rights: A Conceptual History of Transitional Justice", Human Rights Quarterly, 31(2), pp.321~367 (2009)
- Aspinall, Edward, "Opposing Suharto: Compromise, Resistance, and Regime Change in Indonesia" (2005), Stanford University Press
- "JK: Pemberian Gelar Pahlawan Soeharto Harus Sesuai Aturan" (2016)[URL]
- "PPP Tak Setuju Soeharto Jadi Pahlawan Nasional" (2016)[URL]
- "PPP Dorong Elang Mulya Lesmana Cs Diberi Gelar Pahlawan" (2016)[URL]
- "Tarik Ulur Gelar Kepahlawanan Soeharto" (2015)[URL]
- Douzinas, Costas, "History Trials: Can Law Decide History?", Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 8(1), pp.273~289 (2012)
- "Ini Respon PDIP Soal Pemberian Gelar Pahlawan pada Soeharto" (2016)[URL]
- Elster, Jon, "Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective" (2004), Cambridge University Press
- The Release of Indonesia’s Political Prisoners: Domestic versus Foreign Policy, "Fealy, Greg", Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, ~, pp.Working Paper 94 (1995)
- Hazan, Pierre, "Judging War, Judging History: Behind Truth and Reconciliation" (2010), Stanford University Press
- Derailed: Transitional Justice in Indonesia Since the Fall of Suharto, "ICTJ (International Center for Transitional Justice)", ICTJ and Kontras, ~ (2011)
- "Munaslub Golkar Usulkan Soeharto Jadi Pahlawan Nasional" (2016)[URL]
- "Prabowo Dukung Soeharto Jadi Pahlawan" (2010)[URL]
- "For Presidential Hopeful Prabowo, Hero Bid for Suharto May Be a Blunder" (2014)[URL]
- Klinken, Gerry van., "Locating Life Stories: Beyond East-West Binaries in (Auto)Biographical Studies", pp.3641~4083 (2012), University of Hawai’i Press
- Leebaw, Bronwyn Anne, "Judging State-Sponsored Violence, Imagining Political Change" (2011), Cambridge University Press
- "Demokrat Juga Dukung Soeharto Bergelar Pahlawan" (2010)[URL]
- McEvoy, Kieran, "Beyond Legalism: Towards a Thicker Understanding of Transitional Justice", Journal of Law and Society, 34(4), pp.411~440 (2007)
- McGregor, Katharine, "The Indonesian Genocide of 1965", pp.1~26 (2018), Palgrave Macmillan
- "Politikus Gerindra Sebut Usulan Gelar Pahlawan Nasional Untuk Soeharto Layak Dibahas" (2016)[URL]
- Osiel, Mark J., "Ever Again: Legal Remembrance of Administrative Massacre", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 144(2), pp.463~704 (1995)
- "KontraS Ingatkan Daftar Dosa Soeharto" (2016)[URL]
- "Menurut Mahfud, Gelar Pahlawan untuk Soeharto Ranah Politik, Bukan Yuridis" (2016)[URL]
- Schreiner, Klaus H., "The Potent Dead: Ancestors, Saints, and Heroes in Contemporary Indonesia", pp.183~204 (2002), University of Hawai’i Press
- Shklar, Judith N., "Legalism: Law, Morals, and Political Trials" (1986), Harvard University Press
- Slater, Dan, "Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power", pp.132~167 (2009), Cambridge University Press
- Slater, Dan, "Unbuilding Blocs: Indonesia’s Accountability Deficit in Historical Perspective", Critical Asian Studies, 46(2), pp.287~315 (2014)
- STP-CAVR (Post-CAVR Technical Secretariat), "Chega! The Final Report of the Timor-Leste Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation (CAVR), A Plain Guide", ~ (2006)
- Teitel, Ruti G., "Globalizing Transitional Justice: Contemporary Essays" (2014), Oxford University Press
- Wahyuningroem, Sri Lestari., "Seducing for Truth and Justice: Civil Society Initiatives for the 1965 Mass Violence in Indonesia", Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 32(3), pp.115~142 (2013)