민간 기념물과 논쟁적 기억: 민주화 이후 인도네시아의 사례를 중심으로
Unofficial memorials and contentious memories: the case of post-reformasi Indonesia
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민주화 이후 인도네시아에 건립된 민간(unofficial, 비공식) 기념물에 관한 이 연구는 민간 기념물이 촉발할 수 있는 정치적 논쟁 또는 그 부재, 민간 기념물이 제시할 수 있는 대안적 가치 등을 살펴봄으로써 민간 기념물의 위상 및 관 주도 기념물과의 관계 설정에 대한 함의를 제시하고자 한다. 사례 연구는 2009년 자카르타에 건립된 ‘1998년 5월 바늘 기념비’, 2013년 족자카르타 반툴에 건립된 수하르토 기념관, 2013년 동부자바 바투에서 문을 연 ‘무니르의 집’ 등 3건의 민간 기념물을 대상으로 하였다. 국가가 과거의 고통을 외면하는 가운데 민간이 건립한 기념물에는 망각에 저항하면서 과거의 기억에 대한 사회적 논쟁을 생산·재생산하려는 대안적 의도가 있으며, 이러한 논쟁은 정치적 변화에 따라 설립자가 의도하지 않은 방향으로 흘러갈 수도 있다. 그러나 민간이 건립하여 관리하는 기념물이라는 특성 때문에 이와 같은 논쟁적 기억을 촉발하지 못할 경우 오히려 기념물의 의도가 정치적으로 망각되거나 편향된 진실만을 옹호하는 정치적 양극화의 도구로 활용될 수도 있다는 문제점이 존재한다. 이와 같은 문제점은 민간 기념물이 공식 기념사업을 이끌어내는 단초가 되어 공공성 획득에 성공할 경우 어느 정도 극복될 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
The goal of this research is to shed light on unofficial memorials – monuments and museums – and their relations with official memorials, focusing especially on the possibility of political debates (or none) to be facilitated by such memorials and alternative meanings created by them. The three case studies from post-reformasi Indonesia are on 1) Prasasti Jarum Mei 1998 (May 1998 needle monument), built in Jakarta in 2009, 2) Museum Soeharto, built in Bantul, Yogyakarta in 2013, and 3) Omah Munir (Munir House), built in Batu, East Java in 2013. Where the state fails to engage the past, non-state actors build monuments and museums to resist forgetting, as well as to produce and reproduce social debates on the memories of the past, which may take unintended courses as the political circumstances change. However, it is not always the case that contentious memories – an indicator of healthy democracy – follow such memorialization initiatives, not least because they are built and managed by non-state actors with limited resources. Rather, the political meanings of such initiatives are often marginalized and forgotten; what is worse, they can be used as tools of political polarization, only supporting unbiased, partisan ‘truths.’ Such courses are likely to be avoided when unofficial initiatives eventually become successful with facilitating official memorialization projects and raising public concerns over the past.
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