동아시아 촌락 담론을 통해 본 한국 촌락의 위상 - 동아시아지역학에서 농민문화라는 관점 -
Positioning of Korean Vilages Using the Discourses on Asian Vilages- Perspectives on Peasant Culture in Asian Regional Studies -
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근대전환기 한국 농촌은 외부세계에 대해 ‘열린 촌락’의 양태를 취하고 있었 다. 그러나 개항 이래 식민지의 경험은 한국의 촌락을 “닫힌 공동체”라는 애매 한 이미지 속에 가두어 놓고 있다. 대외 개방적 성격의 열린 촌락에도 불구하 고 한국의 농민사회에 대한 닫힌 공동체로서의 애매한 이미지는, 식민지기 강 력한 민족주의의 전개에도 불구하고 어쩌면 한국 농민의 심층을 흐르는 정체성 의 모호함 때문일지도 모른다. 이러한 모호함은 식민지적 근대성과 쉽사리 소 통할 수 없는 한국 농민의 정신사조(ethos)에 기인한다. 시장경제에 대한 부 적응 또는 지연된 적응, 규율권력에 대한 거부감, 익숙한 것 즉, 민속에 대한 회귀 등이 농촌 촌락에서 전통 · 민속이라는 비공식적 채널의 필요성을 환기시 켰던 것이다. 이같은 비공식적 채널은 일제 지배의 공식적 채널 즉, 동화정책 과 동시에 진행되고 있었다. 차별과 동화의 이중 변주를 구사한 일본의 제국주 의정책은 이를 더욱 증폭시켰다. 국가적 동원화가 강화될수록 농민 스스로의 자각에 의한 근대화는 한층 지체될 수밖에 없었다. 이 단계에서 촌락 농민들은 개인주의와 공동체주의 사이에서 ‘전통의 창조’라는 새로운 선택 영역을 모색하였다. 경제 · 문화가 진보하면서 전통적 요소도 시대의 사회적 수요에 따라 재 창조되었던 것이다. 우리에게 농민의 ‘유전자’가 소진되지 않는 한 공동체적 가 치에 대한 노스텔지어도 결코 감소하지 않을 것이다.
Abstract
This paper evaluates the positioning of Korean villages either as "open communities" or as "closed communities," using the discourses concerned with other Asian village communities. The Korean villages in their adaptation to the modern world came to acquire many characteristics of "open communities." Still, the Korean villages have been believed to retain many features that can be found in "closed communities." This dual or ambiguous perception of the Korean villages in their modern transition has much to do with the ways the Korean peasants responded to a number of political and socio-economic forces they experienced during the Japanese colonial rule. The Korean peasants under the colonial rule responded to the nationalist calls in unambiguous way, perhaps owing to their vague sense of identity in their minds. In response to the colonial modernity, the Korean peasants were also ambiguous due to the ethos of the peasant society that hindered their communication and positive interaction with the modernity brought by the colonial regime. The difficulty and delay in adjusting to the market economy as well as the hatred against the disciplinary state power reminded them of the need to return to familiar folk practices and rituals to be conducted in the private sphere of villages set apart from the public sphere where they met the state power. This informal sphere coexisted at the same time with the public sphere where the intense assimilation by the state took place. The gap between the two spheres was deepened by the contradictory Japanese policy to combine the assimilation with the discrimination against the Korean people. Consequently, further intensified mobilization of human and material resources by the colonial state only led to a delayed or abandoned effort for modernization on the part of the Korean peasantry. In this period, invented tradition reflects a requirement of social stability and legitimacy. Korean peasants found out traditional elements in rural village as an absorbing cushion of social stabilization.
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