호주 원주민 토지소유권 제도의 확립 과정 연구 - 마보(Mabo) 판결을 중심으로 -
The Progress of Institutional Changes for Native Title in Australia - A Review of the Mabo Decision -
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유럽인이 호주에 정착하여 식민지를 건설할 때 호주 전역에 호주원주민이 거주하고 있었음에도 불구하고 호주를 테라 널리우스(Terra Nullius, 무주지)로 선언하였다. 그들은 호주 토지로의 정착을 통해 통치권을 확립하였고, 다수의 원주민들은 보호구역으로 강제 이주를 당하며 그들의 전통 관습이 유지되었던 토지에서 거주할 수 없게 되었다. 원주민들은 그들의 토지에 대한 권리를 꾸준히 요구하던 중 원주민에디 마보를 중심으로 토지소유권 회복 청구 소송을 제기하였다. 1992 년 호주연방대법원은 관습법에 기반하여 원주민에게 원주민토지소유권한(native title)이 있음을 판결하였는데, 이는 마보 판결이라 불린다. 본 논문은 호주 원주민에 대해 소개한 이후 마보 판결에 나타나는 주요쟁점을 분석하며 이후 전개된 「1993년 원주민토지소유권법」의 제정및 관련 소송 내용을 제시한다. 마보 판결에서는 통치권과 토지소유권의 분리라는 개념을 도입하여 원주민의 토지소유권 회복이 가능하도록하였다.
Abstract
Despite the long-lasted presence of Aboriginal Peoples, terra nullius (or land belonging to no one) was proclaimed to establish a colony when European settlers arrived in Australia. When they established sovereignty via settlements, many Aboriginal people experienced forced eviction and relocation to protectorates, reserves, and missions apart from their traditional land. They persistently requested land rights and there was a landmark legal case led by an Aboriginal person Eddie Mabo against the State of Queensland. In 1992, the High Court of Australia, based on common law, decided on the native title, hence it is called the Mabo decision. This paper introduces who Indigenous Australians are, and analyses key issues in the Mabo decision. Then, it outlines the Native Title Act 1993 enacted after the Mabo decision, and reviews the major follow-up cases about the native title. In the Mabo decision, the separation of land ownership from sovereignty was employed to enable the native title for traditional owners.
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