브라질 원주민 토지의 법적 권리와 분쟁
Conflicts and Legal Rights Indigenous Land Rights in Brazil
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In this paper I explain why Brazilian indigenous land rights are being violated by the government's large-scale development projects, by industrial farming, and by mining development. I also analyze why indigenous land rights are not historically and legally protected in Brazil. For indigenous peoples, the land is a geographic space of their own lives, a cultural space for the preservation of tribal culture, and a space for recognition that secures an identity based on their own values and worldview. It can be said that the indigenous peoples are the land. The problems related to indigenous land rights are summarized by the following four issues. First, the land rights law, which does not recognize the natural rights of indigenous peoples, is a form of implicit colonialism in that it does not take into account the past lives or sacrifices of indigenous peoples. Second, indigenous peoples can live in, but cannot own indigenous lands. This is because the owner of the indigenous lands is the federal government. Third, since the administrative procedure for designating a protected area for indigenous peoples has not been carried out within five years as specified in the Constitution, hence, it is not binding and the procedure itself imposes bureaucratic barriers which make it difficult for indigenous peoples to protect their rights. Fourth, there is a problem of equity with other minority groups. In the case of the escaped slave community known as the “Quilombo,” common property rights are recognized. However, indigenous peoples and non-indigenous traditional peoples are not recognized as exercising common property rights. Therefore, indigenous lands are occupied by the government's development policy, corporate agriculture and mine development, and indigenous people's right to live is also seriously infringed.
Abstract
In this paper I explain why Brazilian indigenous land rights are being violated by the government's large-scale development projects, by industrial farming, and by mining development. I also analyze why indigenous land rights are not historically and legally protected in Brazil. For indigenous peoples, the land is a geographic space of their own lives, a cultural space for the preservation of tribal culture, and a space for recognition that secures an identity based on their own values and worldview. It can be said that the indigenous peoples are the land. The problems related to indigenous land rights are summarized by the following four issues. First, the land rights law, which does not recognize the natural rights of indigenous peoples, is a form of implicit colonialism in that it does not take into account the past lives or sacrifices of indigenous peoples. Second, indigenous peoples can live in, but cannot own indigenous lands. This is because the owner of the indigenous lands is the federal government. Third, since the administrative procedure for designating a protected area for indigenous peoples has not been carried out within five years as specified in the Constitution, hence, it is not binding and the procedure itself imposes bureaucratic barriers which make it difficult for indigenous peoples to protect their rights. Fourth, there is a problem of equity with other minority groups. In the case of the escaped slave community known as the “Quilombo,” common property rights are recognized. However, indigenous peoples and non-indigenous traditional peoples are not recognized as exercising common property rights. Therefore, indigenous lands are occupied by the government's development policy, corporate agriculture and mine development, and indigenous people's right to live is also seriously infringed.
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