61개 포춘 글로벌 기업의 비재무적 ESG 경영활동이 기업성과에 미치는 영향 : 이사회 속성의 조절효과 연구
A Research on the Effect of Non-financial ESG Activities on the Firm Performance of 61 Fortune Global Companies : The Moderating Effect of Board of Directors
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본 연구는 글로벌 기업의 ESG 경영활동이 재무성과와 시장성과에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 포춘 500대 기업 가운데 자료수집이 가능한 61개 글로벌 기업을 대상으로 2008년~2021년 패널자료를 사용하여 일반 재무특유요인과, 비재무적 ESG 활동이 재무성과 및 시장성과에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 실증분석에 사용된 ESG 자료는 본 연구팀이 개발한 딥러닝 알고리 즘으로 연구대상 기업의 지속가능경영보고서를 분석하여 추출한 연간 시계열 자료이다. 분석 결과 다음과 같은 주요 사실을 발견하였다. 첫째, ESG 비재무적 속성 가운데 환경(E) 부문은 재무성과를 악화시키는 비용으로 작용하고, 사회(S) 부문과 지배구조(G) 부문은 재무성과를 개선시키는 편익으로 기능한다. 반면 시장성과에 대해서는 모든 ESG 비재무적 속성들이 통계 적으로 유의한 관계가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 이사회 속성과 ESG 활동 간 상호작용효과(조절 효과)는 이사회 구성원수만이 S 부문 경영활동과 재무성과(ROE) 간 관계에 대해 통계적으로 유의한 양(+)의 조절효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 고정효과 모형에서는 구성원수, 국적 다양성, 여성비율 등과 같은 이사회 속성은 재무성과와 시장성과에 대해 직접효과가 부재한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 임의효과 모형을 살펴본 강건성 검정에서는 재무성과에 대해서 는 구성원수와 국적 다양성이 양(+)의 관계를 나타냈고, 여성비율은 음(-)의 관계를 보여주었 다. 반면 시장성과에 대해서는 모든 이사회 속성들이 양(+)의 관계를 나타냈다.
Abstract
This study examined the impact of global companies’ ESG management activities on financial performance and market performance. Financial attribute performance consisting of general financial items using time series data from 2008 to 2021 on ESG management activities of 61 global companies for which data can be collected among Fortune 500 companies, and non-financial performance consisting of total ESG score and annual score for each individual sector. The impact of attributes on financial performance was empirically analyzed. The ESG data used in the empirical analysis is annual time series data extracted by analyzing the sustainability management reports of companies under study using a deep learning algorithm developed by our research team. The main facts discovered as a result of the analysis are as follows. First, among non-financial attributes, the environment (E) sector functions as a cost concept that reduces financial performance, while the social (S) sector and governance (G) sector function as a benefit concept that improves financial performance. On the other hand, all non-financial attributes did not show a statistically significant relationship with market performance. Second, the interaction effect (moderation effect) between board attributes and ESG activities showed that S division management activities showed a statistically significant positive (+) moderating effect only on financial performance (ROE). Third, in the fixed effects model, board attributes such as number of members, nationality diversity, and female ratio were found to have no direct effect on financial performance and market performance. In addition, the results of the robustness test showed that the number of members and nationality diversity had a positive (+) relationship with financial performance, and the female ratio showed a negative (-) relationship. On the other hand, all board attributes showed a positive relationship with market performance.
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