케랄라 빤짜야뜨와 여성권한: 지속가능한 발전으로서의 ‘케랄라 모델’을 중심으로
Panchayat and Women’s Empowerment in Kerala: With Special Reference to the Kerala Model as a Sustainable Development
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이 글은 사회발전, 정치발전의 상징으로 대표되는 ‘케랄라 모델’을 빤짜야뜨(Panchayat)와 여성권한을 중심으로 분석한다. 특히 빤짜야뜨를 중심으로 성공적으로 구축했다고 알려진 공공 보건의료체계와 여성권한 향상의 상징으로 알려진 케랄라 간호사 집단을 연구의 대상으로 삼는다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 드레즈와 센의 지속 가능한 개발에 대한 통합적 관점(integrated view of development)을 분석의 기본 틀로 하고, 인간의 자유와 복지를 강화시키는데 핵심 요소인 ‘인간 행위주체(human agency)’를 효과적으로 설명하기 위해 상징권력(symbolic power) 재생산에 대한 피에르 부르디외의 이론을 접목하여 연구문제에 대한 답을 찾고자 한다. 분석결과 케랄라 주정부는 보편적 건강복지증진을 위해 빤짜야뜨를 중심으로 공공 보건의료체계를 재편하여 인도에서 최초로 지방분권화 하는데 성공했지만 제한된 자치권, 보건의료분야에 대한 빤짜야뜨 구성원들의 낮은 지식, 미미한 예산 배정 등으로 위기를 맞이하고 있는 것이 확인되었다. 여성의 권한 측면에서 케랄라는 인도의 여타 주에 비해 월등히 높은 기록을 유지하고 있다. 케랄라 내 전문직 최대 집단인 간호사들은 경제적인 권한은 향상되었으나 사회적으로 상징자본을 확보하지 못해 여전히 자신들의 자유와 복지를 향상시키지 못하고 있다. 이러한 문제가 해결되지 않는 한 케랄라 발전 방식은 지속가능한 모델로 인정받기 어려울 것이다.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the Kerala model, which represents a symbol of social and political development with special reference to the Panchayat and women’s empowerment in Kerala. Especially, the research focuses on the public healthcare system that was successfully established, led by the Panchayat and the nurse group, which was known as a symbol of women’s empowerment in Kerala. This study was conducted using Drèze and Sen’s framework of integrated view of development. In order to effectively explain human agency as a core factor for strengthening human freedom and well-being, the study added the theory of Pierre Bourdieu’s reproduction of symbolic power. Our analysis shows that, for the first time, in India, the state government of Kerala successfully decentralized the public healthcare system based on Panchayat in order to promote universal healthcare and well-being of the people. The governmen is, however, facing a crisis because of the limited autonomy of the Panchayat, the Panchayat members’ lack of knowledge, and the succinct allocation of budget by the Panchayat to the health sector. Kerala has achieved the highest record in women’s empowerment than any other state in India. The nurses in Kerala, as the largest professional group in the state, have enhanced their economic empowerment, but they could not improve their own freedom and well-being because they could not acquire the symbolic capital in the society. If the public healthcare system based on the Panchayat and the empowerment of the nurses are not effectively addressed, this dual situation will make hard to view this social and political development in Kerala as sustainable.
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