인도의 성별 임금격차 분석: 분위별 임금 결정요인 및 임금격차 분해
Decomposition of the gender wage gap according to the income distribution in India
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본 연구는 인도 근로자의 임금분포에 따른 성별 임금격차를 분석하였다. 특히, 성별 임금격차에서 끈적한 바닥(sticky floor)과 유리천장(glass ceiling) 효과가 존재함을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 재중심 영향 함수(recentered influence function)를 바탕으로 무조건적 분위회귀(unconditional quantile regression) 분석을 활용하였다. 추정 결과를 바탕으로, 오사사카-블라인더(Oaxaca-Blinder) 분해를 통해 분위별 성별 임금격차를 분해하여 분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인도 노동시장의 성별 임금격차는 유의미하게 존재하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 성별에 따른 구조적 차별이 기인하는 바가 명확하다고 분석된다. 둘째, 양적인 임금격차는 저분위군과 고분위군에서 각각 확대되며 U자형을 보인다. 이를 통해, 유리천장 효과와 끈적한 바닥 효과가 존재함을 확인하였다. 셋째, 저분위군 임금격차는 성별에 대한 구조적 차별 요인이 대부분을 차지했다. 반면에 60분위 이상의 고분위군 임금격차는 개인특성 요인으로 인한 격차로 추정된다. 즉, 분위별로 임금격차가 상이하며, 이에 대한 원인에도 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 이를 토대로 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다.
Abstract
This study examines the gender wage gap according to the income distribution of Indian labor market. In particular, it tries to show sticky floor and glass ceiling effect based on the gender wage gap. We use unconditional quantile regression analysis using the Recentered influence function. Then, the wage gap is decomposed by Oaxaca-Blinder based on the results from quantile regression, and the research results are as follows. First, there are significant gender wage gaps in the Indian labor market, due to structural discrimination by gender. Second, the wage gap shows a high numerical value in the low and high quantile groups, showing a U-shape. The results suggest sticky floor and glass ceiling effects. Third, structural discriminations against gender make wage inequality enlarge in low-ranks in income distribution. On the other hand, the disparity is expanded in high wages over 60-ranks because of the increase of individual characteristic factors. These results show that it is necessary to recognize the gender gap according to income distribution to access gender discrimination in the Indian labor market.
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