혼인과 자녀가 성별임금격차에 미치는 영향
Effect of Marriage and Infant Child on Gender Wage Gap
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초록
본 연구는 2016년부터 2018년 기간에 걸쳐 통계청 지역별고용조사 풀링자료를 활용하여 비혼, 유배우-무자녀, 그리고 영아 자녀를 둔 유배우-유자녀 남성과 여성을 대상으로 성별임금 격차를 분해하였다. 분석을 위해 재중심영향함수(Recentered Influence Function)를 결합 한 Oaxaca-Blinder 임금분해 모형을 활용하였으며, 임금분위별로 여성에게 혼인, 자녀돌봄과 같은 생애주기별 사건이 성별임금격차에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 주요 분석결과, 추정된 임 금함수의 성별임금격차에 있어서 비혼은 0.16이었으나 유배우-무자녀 0.42, 유배우-유자녀는 0.47 수준으로, 혼인과 자녀가 여성의 생산성을 낮게 평가받도록 만드는 요인으로 드러났다. 이뿐만 아니라 성별임금격차 중 설명되지 않는 임금차이에 있어서도 비혼은 56.3%였으나 유 배우-무자녀 61.98%, 유배우-유자녀 63.8%로 증가하였다. 즉, 노동시장에서의 여성은 여성 이기에 심각한 임금차별을 경험하고 있으며, 혼인과 자녀는 여성으로 하여금 이상적인 노동자 규범에서 벗어나도록 만들어 임금차별을 가속화시키는 요인이었다. 임금분위별 분석결과를 보 면 비혼여성은 고임금군에서의 심각한 임금차별과 제한적인 유리천장 효과가 관찰된 반면, 유 배우-유자녀는 주로 저임금군에서 임금차별을 경험하고 있었으며, 저임금 일자리에 막혀 발생 하는 밑바닥일자리 효과가 나타났다. 이를 토대로 생애주기 특성을 고려한 여성노동정책의 필 요성과 성평등 임금공시제, 여성임원할당제의 모니터링과 처벌규정 마련, 성평등 근로감독관 운영을 제안하였다.
Abstract
This study analyzes the gender wage difference between unmarried, married-childless, and married with children male and female, using pooling data from 2016 to 2018 of Local Area Labour Force Survey from Statistics Korea. For the analysis, we used the Oaxaca-Blinder wage decomposition model combined with Recentered Influence Function and found out the effect of life-cycle events such as marriage and child-care on female gender wage gap by their wage level. In other words, females in the labor market are experiencing severe wage discrimination because they are females, and it was the reslut of marriage and infant child making break away from ideal worker norms. According to the analysis by wage quantile, non-marriage females showed serious wage discrimination in the high-wage quantile and limited evidence of a glass-ceiling effect. On the other hand, married-infant females experienced wage discrimination in the low-wage quintile and sticky floor effect was observed. This meant that married-infant females were concentrated in low-wage jobs. Based on this result, we suggest policy plans such as women's labor policy considering the characteristics of life cycle, the gender equality wage disclosure system, the provision of the female executive quota system and the operation of the gender equality labor inspector.
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