방효유(方孝孺) 정통론(正統論)의 철학사적 의의

Abstract

This study is planned to find out the meaning of Orthodox Theory or one of China’s own historical philosophies by analyzing the background and contents of Fang Xiaoru(方孝孺, 1357-1402)’s orthodox theory. The orthodox theory is the historical philosophy which has been developed for long period of time based on many philosophical concepts including cultural discourses, Sino(華)-Barbarian(夷) dichotomy, theories of morality and Daotong discourses which are the standard for the study of history which has been passed down from ancient times in China. Especially, Fang Xiaoru’s Orthodox theory creates the concept of Zhengtong(正統, rightful succession), Futong(附統, semi-fulfilled succession) and Biantong(變統, variable succession) by compromising orthodox theory of Ouyang Xiu(歐陽修, 1007-1072) and those of Ming Dynasty’s main philosophers such as Wang Yi(王禕, 1322-1373), Hu Han(胡翰, 1307-1381). As Fang Xiaoru's theory has moved the viewpoint from the situational perspective to the moral perspective, it is very excellent with its effect being profound. In his theory, there are more than the fact that Fang Xiaoru’s Orthodox theory was affected by Ouyang Xiu as well as Jinhua Chengzhu Confucianism in the period of early Ming Dynasty. He tried to find out the common ground in the conflicting "Righteousness and Hegemony" and “Moral and Profit” debate made by Zhu Xi and Chen Liang. Fang Xiaoru took advantage of Zhu Xi’s metaphysical moralism and Chen Liang’s piecemeal social engineering to classify the features of dynasties into rightful succession and variable succession and then, add one more concept called the Futong, thus granting the status of legitimacy to Han, Tang and Song dynasties. Fang Xiaoru’s orthodox theory succeeds in its philosophical planning for the long-term historical navigation under the confusing period of early Ming dynasty period by setting the legitimacy status to Han, Tang and Song dynasties from the perspective of realism while not damaging the idealism which was based on the metaphysical moralism during three previous dynasties such as Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties.