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일본 수상의 정치적 리더십에 관한 연구 –하시모토 수상을 중심으로–

Political Leadership of the Prime Minister of Japan -The Case of Ryutaro Hashimoto-

이상훈
일본연구소 (INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES)|2017.12|일본연구 (Journal of Japanese Studies)|제74호|pp. 191-218|DOI 10.15733/jast.2017..74.191

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참고문헌

키워드

Leadershippersonal factorsinstitutional factorsリーダーシップ個人的要因状況的要因制度的要因circumstantial factors橋本Hashimoto
주제분류일본어와문학

초록

本稿は、日本首相の政治的リーダーシップに関する一連の作業の一つであり、橋本龍太郎首相が分析対象である。問題関心は、「何故、橋本首相は制度的制約の中でも一定程度政治的リーダーシップの発揮ができたのか」「何故、橋本首相の改革路線は失敗したと評価されるのか」である。つまり、橋本首相は「政策通」という評価を受け、「本格的な政権」と期待され、「長期政権」も可能だといわれたが、期待とは異なり、約2年6ヶ月の相対的に短い執権で終わった。また、行政改革のように「成果」をあげた政策もあるが、財政構造改革の失敗による否定的評価が優位を占めている。何故、このように相反する評価を受けているのかが問題意識であり、これをエルジ(R.Elgie)のリーダーシップ論に基づき、明白にするのが本稿の研究目的である。分析は、政策目標と政治スタイルを含む個人的要因、有権者の支持と経済状況を含む状況的要因、内閣と与党の関係、内閣と議会の関係、内閣と官僚の関係を含む制度的要因に分け進めた。結論的にいえば、橋本首相の政治的リーダーシップの強弱を検討するためには、時間的区分が必要であり、政策の成敗を分析するためには、連立政権、官僚の抵抗など制度的要因を考慮すると同時に、国民の支持獲得のためには首相の権限の一つである人事権の適切な行使が重要だということである。

Abstract

This study is a part of an analysis on the political leadership of the Prime Minister of Japan, with a specified focus on the case of Ryutaro Hashimoto, the former Prime Minister. The main objective is to answer the two following questions: How Hashimoto was able to sustain his political leadership under the given institutional restrictions? And why his restructuring effort is considered as a failure?In the beginning, Hashimoto was highly appreciated as a policy expert who could deliver the public expectation for a long-lasting, actively working government. However, his cabinet strikingly ended up being dismissed after two and a half years, with contradictory assessments from the public remaining. It is often said that his failure on the financial reform outlasted other successes such as an administrative restructuring. This study aims to identify the reasons behind this extremely diverged assessments on Hashimoto's political legacy, based on R. Elgie's research on political leadership. The study will discuss three main factors that could determine the political leadership of the former Prime Minister, one of which is a personal element, such as Hashimoto's policy objectives and style as a politician. Another is a conditional factor that includes the economic condition and the level of support from the voters. The other is an institutional factor such as the relationship between the cabinet and its stakeholders, namely the ruling party, diet, and administrative officials. In conclusion, in order to picture the dynamic of political leadership proposed by Hashimoto, it is essential to distinguish the relevant time period into shorter frames. In order to assess how successful his policies were, we need to understand institutional factors such as a coalition cabinet and the resist from administrative officials. Last but not least, we should also acknowledge that the way a Prime Minister exercises his/her control over the governmental personnels may influence the support rate across the nation.

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