개발원조기구의 성 주류화 정책 경험에 대한 비판적 고찰
Gender Mainstreaming in Development Assistance Agencies: A Critical Review of Policy Experiences and Challenges
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1995년 북경 세계여성회의 이후 성 주류화는 성 평등을 달성하기 위한 핵심 전략으로서 국제사회의 지배적인 정책 틀이 되어왔다. 본 논문은 성 주류화를 적극적으로 추진해온 대표적인 기구로서 개발원조기구의 성 주류화 정책 경험을 비판적으로 고찰하고 향후 개발원조의 성 주류화가 나아갈 방향을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 국제적․국가별 개발원조기구의 성 주류화 활동은 크게 정책의 개발, 성 주류화를 이행하기 위한 제도적 변화, 다양한 도구의 개발과 전파로 분류할 수 있다. 전반적으로 개발원조기구는 조직과 절차의 변화, 도구의 개발 등 제도적인 차원의 성 주류화에서는 상당한 성과를 보였으나, 정책을 실제로 이행하고 개발원조 프로그램을 통해 수원국의 성 평등에 기여하는 실질적인 성과를 이끌어내는 데 있어서는 아직 진전이 더딘 상황이라고 할 수 있다. 개발원조의 성 주류화 과정에서 나타난 문제점 또는 과제로는 개발 이슈에 젠더 관점이 체계적으로 통합되지 못하고 있는 점, 정책이 실제 이행 단계에 가서 실종되거나 부분적으로만 이행되는 현상, 실무직원과 수원국 파트너의 성 평등에 대한 주인의식의 결여가 제시되었다. 이와 더불어 국제사회의 개발원조 패러다임과 환경의 변화에 따라 경쟁적인 아젠다가 등장한 점도 성 평등의 초점을 유지하는 데 어려움을 줄 수 있다. OECD DAC의 회원국으로서 향후 성 인지적 개발원조정책을 적극적으로 추진해야 하는 우리나라는 이러한 국제적인 경험과 교훈을 바탕으로 체계적인 정책개발과 제도적 기반 마련을 통해 저개발국의 성 평등에 실질적으로 기여할 수 있도록 노력해야 할 것이다.
Abstract
Since the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995, gender mainstreaming has been accepted as the main strategy to achieve the goal of gender equality. In the field of development cooperation, a wide range of gender mainstreaming policies have been put in place by international development organizations as well as national development assistance agencies around the world. This study aims to provide a critical review and assessment of the experiences of gender mainstreaming in international and national development assistance agencies as well as the difficulties or challenges they might have faced. Three major types of gender mainstreaming activities have been carried out by development assistance agencies. These are: mainstreaming gender into development assistance policies; reforming institutional structures; and devising and adopting various tools and techniques for gender mainstreaming. While much progress has been made in terms of promoting institutional changes within development assistance agencies, limited success has been reported when it comes to making changes in parter countries through policy implementation and operational activities. Development assistance agencies have also faced a number of difficulties and challenges. First, integrating gender perspective into development agenda has proved to be a difficult task, except in the area of education and health. Second, while gender mainstreaming policies have been in place at the national level, the ‘vaporation’of such policies at the lower levels has been a problem. Third, the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals in 2000 and the emergence of the new aid paradigm and modalities have brought about competing agenda, with the potential impact of reduced commitment to gender equality. Fourth, the operational staff as well as those in partner countries often lack internalized ownership over gender equality issues, further contributing to poor policy implementation. As Korea embarks on gender-sensitive development assistance policies as a new OECD DAC member, these problems will need to be effectively addressed in order for Korea to make a genuinely sustainable contribution to achieving the eventual goal of equality between women and men.
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