미국지배 하에서 필리핀 입법부(의회)의 성립, 변화, 그리고 그 역할
The Establishment, Transformation, and Roles of the Philippine Legislature(Congress) under the American Rule
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미국은 1898년부터 1946년까지 필리핀을 식민 지배하였다. 1898년 미국-스페인전쟁(The American-Spanish War)을 통해 미국은 스페인세력을 몰아내고, 식민 지배국으로 등장한 것이다. 약 반세기동안 미국지배 하에서 필리핀은 다양한 유럽적 가치와 제도를 경험하게 되었고, 각종 정치·행정제도와 교육방식은 미국으로부터 직접적으로 영향을 받아온 것이다. 미국은 식민지를 지배하고 관리하기 위해 본국에서 운영되고 있는 여러 가지 제도들을 식민지에서 적용시켜 나갔다. 한편 식민지배 하에서 필리핀국민들은 지속적으로 ‘절대독립’을 지향하는 대의를 실행해 나가게 된다. 필리핀 지도자들의 독립운동은 국내정치의 정당의 발전과정에서 그 역할을 극대화시켜 나가고 있었다. 특징적인 것은 한국의 독립운동 경우와 다르게 민족지도자들이 필리핀 국내에 머물면서 독립운동을 전개했다는 점이다. 즉 미국이 이식시켜 준 정치제도권 내에서 활동해 나갔던 것이다. 즉 식민지 내 정치제도 중에서 입법부(의회)가 성립되었고, 민족지도자들이 의회의원이 될 수 있었기에 의회 내에서 적극적으로 독립활동을 실행해 나갔던 것이다. 이와 관련하여 이 글의 목적은 ‘필리핀입법부(의회)의 성립과 변화’라는 한 측면과 의회 활동의 중요 지향점인 ‘절대독립’ 역할이라는 다른 측면을 중심으로 그 양상과 의미를 추적하는 것이다. 달리 말하면, 미국지배 하에서 독립운동을 주도해 나간 인물들이 활동했던 중요 기구/조직을 이해하는 것이며, 나아가 궁극적인 독립 쟁취를 위한 일련의 독립운동에 대한 성격을 파악해 보려는 것이다. 미국 지배 하에서 필리핀 입법부는 시기에 따라 다양하게 변화되었다. 입법부의 성립과 변화 자체도 의미 있는 것이지만, 필리핀 독립운동의 지도자들이 바로 의회를 중심기구로 하여 국가의 절대독립을 추구해 나갔다는 그 역할에 중요성이 있다는 점을 강조하고자 하는 것이다.
Abstract
The Philippines was under the colonial rule of the United States from 1898 to 1946. With the American-Spanish War of 1898, the US had emerged as the new colonial ruler, driving out Spanish forces. For approximately half a century, the Philippines experienced a variety of European values and institutions under US rule. Their political and administrative systems, as well as education, were directly influenced by the US, who adopted multiple institutions from their homeland to rule and control their colonies. Conversely, the citizens of the Philippines ceaselessly argued for the just cause of “absolute independence.” Independence movements led by the people’s leaders were maximized with the development of political parties in the Philippines. Unlike the independence movements of Korea, they were organized by leaders residing in the Philippines, rather than in foreign countries. In other words, those organizations were active within the political institutions transplanted by the US. The legislative branch (parliament) was established as one of these colonial political institutions and, as they could become members of parliament, the people’s leaders were able to organize independence movements from within parliament actively. The purpose of this study is to explore the patterns and significance behind “the establishment and changes in the Philippines legislative branch (parliament)” and the “role of the cause for absolute independence,” which was one of the main objectives of parliamentary activities in the Philippines. In other words, this study aims to gain an understanding of the major institutions and organizations from which leaders of the independence movement pursued their activities under US rule. Moreover, it seeks to identify the characteristics of a series of movements that aimed for ultimate independence. The Philippines legislative branch was established and modified in many ways during US rule. While the establishment and changes themselves are significant, this study wishes to emphasize the legislative’s role as the key institution around which political movements were organized to pursue absolute independence for the Philippines.
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