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식민지 유산과 저발전의 발전: 필리핀 엘리트 형성과 경제발전 경로

Colonial Legacy and Development of Underdevelopment: Formation of the Philippine Elite and the Path of Economic Development

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아시아연구소|2023.08|아시아리뷰 (Asia Review)|제13권 제2호|pp. 119-155|DOI 10.24987/SNUACAR.2023.8.13.2.119

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참고문헌

키워드

지대추구엘리트Elite식민지 유산Rent-seekingUnderdevelopment저발전개발선호Colonial legacyDevelopment preference
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

이 연구는 정치·경제 영역의 식민지 유산이 독립 이후 국가의 경제 발전에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 탐구한다. 구체적으로 식민지 시기 정치경제 엘리트의 형성과 독립 이후 엘리트의 개발선호가 국가의 경제 발전에 미친 영향을 필리핀 근대화 사 례 분석을 통해 규명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 식민통치 형식은 크게 직접통치와 간접통치로 분류할 수 있는데, 통치형식 분류에서 중요한 행위자는 ‘토착 엘리트’로서, 토착 엘리트의 권한이 얼마만큼 허용되는지에 따라 엘리트 형성에 다른 영 향을 미쳤다. 스페인에 이어 미국의 식민통치를 받은 필리핀은 식민지 이전 중앙집권화 정도가 낮고, 한정적인 자원으로 인해 마닐라 중심 지역에 대한 직접통치와 그 외 지역에 대한 간접통치를 받았다. 간접통치는 기존 정치 시스템 안에서 식민통치가 이루어지므로, 대부분의 필리핀 지역에서는 정치 후원주의를 바탕으로 토착 엘리트로서 지주의 권한이 더욱 강화되었다. 스페인에 이어 미국의 식민통치는 정치적으로 관료제보다 앞서 의회 제도를 도입·강화하였으며, 의도적으로 지방 엘리트를 중앙 엘리트로 유입하는 과정을 통해 필리핀의 지방 지주 엘리트는 정치 경제 엘리트로 부상하게 된다. 식 민지 유산으로서 엘리트의 형성과 제도는 경로의존성을 바탕으로 독립 이후 경제발전 과정에 영향을 미쳤다. 지방 엘리트 들은 현 상태에서의 지대추구를 위해 개발에 소극적으로 대응함으로써 저발전의 발전을 지속하는 요인으로 작용하였다.

Abstract

This study explores how colonial legacy in the political and economic realms affects the economic development of a country after independence. Specifically, the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the formation of the political and economic elite during the colonial period and the development preference of the elite after independence on the economic development of the country through the analysis of the case of modernization in the Philippines. Colonial governance forms can be largely classified into direct rule and indirect rule. In the classification of governance forms, the important actor is the ‘indigenous elite’, and the extent to which the authority of the indigenous elite is allowed, has a different effect on the formation of elites. The Philippines, which was colonized by the United States following Spain, had a low level of centralization before colonization and was subject to direct rule over the central Manila area and indirect rule over other areas due to its limited resources. Since the indirect rule is a colonial rule within the existing political system, the authority of landlords as indigenous elites has been further strengthened based on political patronage in most areas of the Philippines. The American colonial rule introduced and strengthened the parliamentary system ahead of the bureaucracy politically. By deliberately introducing local elites into the central elite, the local landlord elite emerged as a political-economic elite. As a legacy of colonialism, the formation of elites and institutions influenced the process of economic development after independence based on path dependency. Most local elites responded passively to development to pursue rent-seeking in the status quo, which served as a factor that continued the development of underdevelopment.

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