중국어 보어의 현실성과 문장 종결 기능 ― ‘得’자 상태보어와 결과보어의 문법화 경로를 중심으로

Abstract

In modern Mandarin, the '得' complement of state can represent the realization of results and has a sentence ending function, while the resultative complement cannot form a complete sentence without the help of aspect markers or other grammatical markers. In this paper, it was shown that the sentence ending function in modern Mandarin is difficult to grasp simply with the presence or absence of ‘modality meaning’ or morphological markers, and should be analyzed based on the purpose of communication and delivery of information. Considering the purpose of the sentence, the '得' complement of state and the resultative complement can only form legitimate sentences if they imply the realization of the situation and related result. Therefore, the difference in the sentence ending function depends on whether the sentence can imply realization of the situation(realis). This paper argues that the difference on whether the '得' complement of state or the resultative complement can imply realization of result lies within their grammaticalization process. The '得' complement of state originates from 'V得X' and 'V得' structure, which represent the meaning of the achievement of certain action or the result caused by the action. This form has further developed into the mean to provide specific description of the result caused by the action in realis context. This still remains true in modern Mandarin, therefore '得' complement of state can imply the realization of result that follows the action the predicate depicts. On the other hand, the resultative complement is originated from the 'VV' structure, which is related to verbs that can form cause-and-effect relationship and the double-syllable phenomenon. Originally, the 'VV' structure could contextually represent the action and the realization of its result. However, due to the influence of combination of ‘了’‘s grammaticalization, ’了’ began to take over the function of representing realization. Therefore, predicate-complement structure developed from the ‘VV’ structure lost the meaning of realization and began to require other markers to form a legitimate sentence. Grammaticalization process of Mandarin complements is still ongoing in modern times, and the changes are reflected on sentence ending functions of those forms. It is hoped that more research will be conducted on the direction of grammaticalization and the resulting new language phenomena of modern Mandarin complements.