정치적 풍자와 농담: 우크라이나 사회문화현상의 메타포
Political Satires and Jokes in Ukraine: The metaphor of social and cultural phenomenons
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1991년 소련의 붕괴 이후 우크라이나인들은 체제전환의 시기를 경험하면서 새로운 사회체계의 건설에 참여해 왔다. 본 소고는 이러한 전환기적 시기를 경험한 우크라이나인들이 그동안 발생한 정치적 사회적 현상들에 대해 어떻게 생각하고 느껴왔는가를 정치적 풍자와 농담과 같은 구술민속(oral folklore)을 통해 분석하고 있다. 본 소고는 이들 구술민속이 단지 의사소통과 대중적 여흥거리만을 전달하는 것이 아니라, 불안정한 상태에 있는 실제 사회 체계 및 사회문화 현상을 은유적으로 반영하는 역할을 한다는 것을 말하고 있다. 저자는 지난 2004년 발생했던 우크라이나의 오렌지혁명과 1991년 독립이후 러시아 및 우크라이나에 새롭게 등장한 새로운 부유층들인 ‘신러시아인’ 혹은 ‘신우크라이나인’에 주목하면서, 이들 두 사건 혹은 사회현상을 중심으로 생성되고 회자되는 구술민속(정치적 풍자, 농담, 낙서 등)을 분석하고 있다. 전이시기 “일탈”과 “전복”을 통한 의례의 형성과정을 설명한 빅토르 터너의 의례연구이론을 우크라이나의 현실 사회에 적용하여, 체제전환을 경험하는 우크라이나인들이 정치적 풍자와 농담 등의 민속창작을 통해서 일상적인 상태에서 이탈한 새로운 상태를 경험하고 일시적인 자유와 해방감을 느끼게 된다고 설명하고 있다. 구전민속자료들의 연구를 통해 최근의 정치, 사회 현상들에 대한 대중들의 심리상태와 견해를 분석하고 대중들 사이에서 이루어지는 문화생성, 변화, 사멸의 역동적 과정을 논의하고 있다.
Abstract
Since the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991, Ukrainians have experienced a transition period of social system and have participated in the construction of a new society. In this study, the author attempts to explain the perception and feeling of Ukrainians about the political and social changes, analyzing Ukrainians oral folklore, such as political satires, jokes and graffiti. Examples of these oral traditions show that political satires and jokes are not only amusement and communication tools but also metaphor that reflects political and social phenomenons of Ukraine. For this study, the author focuses on the following social phenomenon or event in Ukraine: 1) Orange Revolution in 2004, 2) "New Russians" or "New Ukrainian," who are stereotypical caricatures of the newly rich business class in post-Soviet Russia. In interpreting genre as the transition between history, ideology, and popular culture, the author relies on theories by Victor Turner, Mikhail Bakhtin, Robert Elliott, and Emil Draitser who defined satires and jokes as an aesthetic, social, and psychological category. Analyzing political satires, jokes and graffiti about Orange Revolution and "New Russians," the author explains that as a means of artistic communication, these oral folklores can help achieve consensus, exercise social control, introduce competition and conflict in a group, or reduce the social pain which can be created during the transition period. Also, with these oral traditions, traumas of the external world become no more than occasions for the ego to gain pleasure. The author treats the widespread proliferation of political satires, jokes and graffiti as a phenomenon worthy of sociological attention, pointing out that these forms of social interaction not only serve popular entertainment but also represent a noteworthy sociopolitical phenomenon.
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