우크라이나의 축일과 기념일 - 국가건설의 측면에서 -
Holidays and Commemorations in Ukraine as the Means of Nation-Building
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초록
본 논문은 1991년 이후 우크라이나 정부가 민족정체성의 확립과 이를 토대로 한 새로운 국가건설이라는 임무를 수행해 오는 과정에서 국민들에게 통치 이념과 방향을 제시하기 위해 축일과 기념일등을 이용해 왔음을 보여주고 있다. 우크라이나 정부가 기존의 사회주의적 축일과 기념일을 없애고 새로운 통치 이념을 반영하는 축일과 기념일 및 의례들을 어떻게 만들었으며, 어떠한 과정을 통해 기존의 것들을 상황에 맞게 바꾸었는가를 조사했다. 이를 통해 본 논문은 우크라이나 정부가 과거사의 문제를 청산하고 국가내 존재하는 분열의 문제를 해결하려 했으며, 새로운 비전을 제시하려 했다고 설명하고 있다. 축일과 기념일 연구를 통해 본 논문은 다음과 같은 사실을 강조하고 있다. 첫째, 축일과 기념일들은 시대와 체제의 변화와 함께 새롭게 변화하는 문화적 실체이다. 둘째, 소련의 붕괴 이후에도 과거의 의례 문화는 완전히 사라지 않았으며, 일정정도 과거와 현재 의례와의 공존이 이루어지고 있다. 마지막으로 정부에 의해 소개된 새로운 의례는 새로운 우크라이나 민족정체성을 형성하는 기능을 부여 받았으나, 그와 같은 의도가 새로운 축일과 기념일들을 통해 얼마나 대중들에게 전달이 되었으며, 대중들이 얼마나 호응을 해 가게 되었느냐는 다른 문제라는 사실을 언급했다. 따라서 정부주도의 의례문화의 형성과 민간 층에서 행해지는 실제 축일과 기념문화간의 관계와 괴리의 정도를 연구한다면 정부에서 주도해 나가는 민족정체성의 형성이 얼마나 실효를 거두고 있는지를 파악하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 전망하고 있다.
Abstract
This study attempts to show that contemporary Ukrainian authority uses holidays and commemorations as the means of nation-building in Ukraine. By analyzing how the post-Soviet Ukrainian state has revised holidays and commemorations, this study proves that we can see how the state restructures cyclical practice, the details of historical memory, and the perception of time. Ukrainian authority is actively shaping the daily lives of its citizens by attempting to foster cultural change. The author discusses many holidays, such as October Revolution Day, May Day, Independence Day, the reintroduction of religious holidays, and the impact of these commemorations on the dynamics of nation-building in Ukraine. This study shows that by replacing the original Soviet symbolism with an event centered on Ukrainian statehood and the Ukrainian historical experience, Ukrainian authority attempts to transform red anniversary' into a different one. Another key point of this study is that Soviet holiday does not completely disappear, but still exist in contemporary Ukraine. The manner in which Independence Day has been commemorated has come under criticism in the past several years. In 1998, 1999 and 2008, the festivities included a parade which featured an impressive showing of military hardware, soldiers from all branches of the armed forces, and marching athletes. Military might and athletic prowess, once a Soviet source of pride, are now included in celebrations of the Ukrainian state. With regard to the Ukraine state's reintroduction of religious holidays and their impact on nation-building, this study comments that while religion is clearly an important element in reviving traditions and fashioning a national culture, the role of the church in the process of nation-building thus far has been mixed. This study notes that religious festivities were not celebrated in the same collective way in the public realm and only by those who adhere to a particular faith, thereby lessening their impact on nation-building. However, recent event, "the 1020th Anniversary of Kievan Rus' Christening," proves that religious festivities can be also celebrated for the political purpose in the public realm. In reviewing the holidays discussed, this study shows that by using commemoration as a "fractured lens," one can see that the key fractures in society are not linguistically or nationally-based, but rather based on divergent.
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