‘씨 뿌리는 자의 비유’의 구약 인용(막 4:12; 마 13:13; 눅 8:10) 변형과 신학적 의의
The Changes of the Quotation of Isaiah 6:9-10 in the Synoptic Gospels (Mark 4:12; Matt 13:13; Luke 8:10) and Their Theological Significance
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본 논문의 목적은 공관복음서의 ‘씨 뿌리는 자의 비유’(막 4:1-20; 마 13:1-23; 눅 8:4-15)에서 이사야 6:9-10(칠십인역)의 인용 부분(막 4:12; 마 13:13; 눅 8:10)과 관련하여, 각각의 복음서가 어떻게 첨가, 변화, 생략, 확대하여 인용하는지를 살펴보고, 그에 따른 신학적 메시지를 찾는 데 있다. 또한 동일한 이사야 본문을 인용함에 있어서, 복음서들 사이의 차이점들을 발견하고, 각각의 복음서가 가지는 독특한 신학적 관심과 강조점을 파악한다. 마가복음 4:12은 이사야 6:9-10을 인용할 때 하나님의 주권을 강조하며, 외인들(toi/j e;xw)에 대한 하나님의 심판에 초점을 둔다. 마가는 이사야의 몇몇 단어들과 문장들을 생략하고, i[na 접속사를 첨가하면서 2인칭을 3인칭으로, 명령법을 가정법으로 바꾼다. 그리고 iva,somai(고치다)를 avfeqh/|(죄 사함을 얻다)로 바꾸는데, 이는 아마도 아람어 탈굼에서 번역한 것으로 보인다. 마가복음의 인용 문장은 두 개의 접속사 i[na와 mh,pote로 구성되어 있으며, 둘 다 모두 목적의 의미를 가진다. 따라서 예수가 비유로 말한 목적은 외인들이 알거나 깨닫지 못하게 하여 돌이켜 용서함을 받지 못하게 하려는 것이다. 여기서 외인들은 일차적으로 예수를 거부하는 유대 종교 지도자들이지만, 십자가의 수난 때 예수를 버리고 도망간 제자들까지도 포함된다. 하지만 궁극적으로 이사야 6장에서 남은 자 사상이 구원에 대한 소망을 낳은 것처럼(사 6:13), 마가복음에서도 갈릴리에서 예수를 볼 것이라는 약속은 회복에 대한 기대를 보여준다(막 14:28; 16:17). 마태복음의 인용(마 13:13)은 인간의 책임을 강조한다. 마태는 i[na 대신 o[ti를 사용하는데, o[ti는 이유의 의미를 가진다. 즉 인간의 마음이 완악하기 때문에 그들이 알거나 깨닫지 못하는 것이다. 누가복음의 인용(눅 8:10)은 하나님의 주권과 인간의 책임 모두를 함의한다. 누가는 마가처럼 i[na를 사용하지만, mh,pote절은 생략하고, 내부자와 외부자의 구분도 명확하지 않다. 여기서 누가의 i[na절은 결과의 의미를 좀 더 강하게 가지지만 목적의 의미도 포함하여 두 의미 모두를 가진다. 인간의 완악한 마음의 결과로 비유를 보고 듣지만 알거나 깨닫지 못하게 되고, 이것은 동시에 하나님의 목적 안에 있다. 결론적으로 이사야 인용에 있어서 마가는 하나님의 주권, 마태는 인간의 책임, 그리고 누가는 이 둘 모두를 포함한다.
Abstract
This paper has the purpose to study how the Synoptic Gospels quote Isaiah 6:9-10 in the Parable of the Sower (Mark 4:1-20; Matt 13:1-23; Luke 8:4-15) in terms of addition, variation, omission, expansion, and then to discover each Gospel’s theological message. It also investigates the differences of a quotation between the Gospels and find each Gospel’s own theological concerns and emphases. Mark’s quotation (Mark 4:12) emphasizes God’s sovereignty, focusing on His judgement on “those who are outside”(toi/j e;xw). Quoting Isaiah, Mark deletes several words and sentences and adds i[na conjunction, while changing the person and mood of verbs: 2nd person into 3rd person, imperative into subjunctive. In addition, iva,somai written in LXX is replaced with avfeqh/| that might be translated from Aramaic Targums. The sentence of Mark’s quotation consists of two conjunctions, i[na and mh,pote, and both of them has a purpose meaning. The reason that Jesus says in parables has the purpose for those outside not to perceive and understand, lest they should turn and be forgiven. Those outside here indicate the rejecters like Jewish religious leaders but also the followers like the disciples who fail to follow Jesus in the passion. There, however, still remains the hope of salvation. As Isaiah 6 shows expectation of rescue using the image of stump with a remnant theology (Isa. 6:13), the promise of seeing Jesus in Galilee presents the hope of restoration (Mark 14:28; 16:7). Matthew’s quotation (13:13) underlines human responsibility. Instead of i[na, Matthew used o[ti that has a causal meaning and deleted mh,pote-clause. o[ti-clause explains why Jesus says in parable: Because of human’s hardened heart, they do not see and hear, though seeing and hearing; as a result they fail to understand. Luke’s quotation (8:10) deals with both God’s sovereignty and human responsibility. Though Luke employs i[na like Mark, he deletes mh,pote-clause like Matthew. Because Luke dose not explicitly divide insider and outsider and removes mh,pote-clause, implication of the judgement on those outside recedes. I believe that Luke’s i[na has meanings of both purpose and result, though having more result significance. Saying in parables results that they may not perceive though looking and listening. Human’s hardened heart makes people not understand, but this is also in God’s purpose. In conclusion, quoting Isaiah, Mark highlights God’s sovereignty, Matthew human responsibility, and Luke both of them.
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