高句麗 貴族姓 淵氏와 蓋氏 硏究

Abstract

The family of Yeon Gaesomun(淵蓋蘇文), the most powerful person at the end of Goguryeo, was not a new family that appeared after the transfer of the capital to Pyeongyang but a traditional noble family of Goguryeo that had been influential from the beginning of Goguryeo. According to the stories about the founder of Yeon Gaesomun’s family, the founder of Yeon Gaesomun’s family originated from ‘water’. According to 『Samguksagi(三國史記)』, in a region called ‘Samultaek(沙勿澤)’, King Yuri, the second king of Goguryeo, awarded the name, ‘Samul(沙勿)’, and the surname, ‘Wi(位)’, to the local influencer who adhered to the king of Goguryeo. Here, ‘Wi’ is pronounced as ‘ウィ/wi’ in Japan’s Manyogana that is related to ancient Korean, and the pronunciation is the same as ‘jeong(井)’. Therefore, we can see that ‘Wi(位)’ is a Chinese character that represents a Goguryeo word which is deeply related to ‘well’, that is, ‘water’. Also, 『Ilbonseogi(日本書紀)』 dealing with the revolution of Yeon Gaesomun marks Yeon Gaesomun as ‘Irigasumi(伊梨柯須彌, イリカスミ)’. ‘Iri(伊梨)’ consists of Chinese characters that represent a Goguryeo word, ‘eol(ərV/irV), that means ‘water, river, or well’. In 『Samguksagi』, it is expressed as ‘Jeong(井)’, ‘Cheon(泉)’, or ‘Yeon(淵)’. Therefore, we can see that both ‘Wi(位)’ and ‘Iri(伊梨)’ have the same meaning as ‘Yeon(淵)’, the family name of Yeon Gaesomun. This confirms that ‘Samul(沙勿)’ who had the surname of ‘Wi(位)’ was one of the ancestors of Yeongaemun’s family. Meanwhile, the surname of Hae(解) that played important roles in the history of Buyeo and early Goguryeo does not appear in historical records after King Taejo. Concerning that, this researcher paid attention to ‘the Tale of Yangmyeong(羊皿)’ contained in 『Samgukyusa(三國遺事)』 in which the family name of Yeon Gaesomun is referred to as ‘Gae(蓋)’. According to Chinese history books, ‘Gae’ was the surname of such a high-positioned noble family in Goguryeo that it formed a marriage relationship with the surname of Ko(高氏) which was the last name of the royal family in Goguryeo. Despite that, nothing is known about the history of the family of ‘Gae’. Yet, in ancient Korean, ‘gae(蓋)’ and ‘hae(解)’ sounded the same. Since they were both pronounced as /kai/, the Chinese characters could be replaced with each other. Grounded on that, this researcher has figured that the group that used ‘hae(解)’ as their last name in early Goguryeo changed their family name to ‘gae(蓋)’ from the middle of Goguryeo. In Goguryeo, the use of surnames had a long history. However, since Goguryeo did not have its own characters, they borrowed Chinese characters to mark their surnames. As Chinese characters came to be distributed more and the understanding of Chinese characters got deepened, the way of marking Goguryeo words with Chinese characters tended to change from sound-based(音借) to meaning-based(訓借) marking. The same was true of marking the last names. In the beginning, Yeon Gaesomun’s family used the way of sound-based marking and marked their surname as ‘Wi (位)’ or ‘Iri(伊梨)’, but later, they adopted meaning-based marking and marked it as ‘Yeon(淵)’. The change from Hae(解) to Gae(蓋) can also be understood with the change from sound-based to meaning-based marking. This confirms that the family of ‘Gae’(蓋氏), too, has a long history and its status is comparable to that of the family of ‘Go(高)’. This was the very background about the birth of ‘the Tale of Yangmyeong(羊皿)’ which understood Yeon Gaesomun’s last name as Gae(蓋) that had such a high status even exceeding that of the royal family’s surname, ‘Go’, around the end of Goguryeo. Through research on Goguryeo’s aristocratic surnames, Yeon and Gae, it has been found that the initial ruling forces of Goguryeo maintained their status as the ruling forces of it even after the transfer of the capital to Pyeongyang.