위만조선-한 전쟁과 항한제후의 고조선 부흥활동
The Gojoseon-Han War and the Surrendered Princes' Gojoseon Revival Activities
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본 발표는 필자가 주장한 낙랑군 설치시기와 왕험성 함락시기가 약 1년여 차이가 나며 결과적으로 낙랑군과 왕검성(왕험성)의 위치가 별개의 공간이란 내용의 주장에 대해 고고학적 관점 및 문헌적 관점에서 왕검성과 낙랑을 분리하여 낙랑은 현재의 평양지역으로, 왕검성은 요동반도지역에 비정된다는 입장이 제기되고 있다. 한편, 위만조선과 한과의 전쟁은 기원전 109년 가을부터 기원전 107년 3월경까지 3년여에 걸친 전쟁으로 2차례 화의추진에 실패한 衛山과 제남태수 公孫遂 모두 誅殺당하고 위만조선을 복속시키고 귀환한 좌장군 荀彘는 棄市刑, 누선장군 楊僕도 誅殺하려다 贖價를 받고 庶人으로 강등시키는 등 위만조선전쟁 참여 장수들이 모두 處刑되거나 處罰받았다는 점은 한이 사실상 패배한 전쟁이었다. 특히, 이는 위만조선 공격에서 강공파인 좌장군 순체가 대장군 위청과 함께 흉노토벌에 참여한 부하장수로서 한무제는 좌장군을 통제할 수 있는 위청 집안 사람으로 제후가 된 衛山과 역시 흉노토벌에 참여한 공손씨 집안 출신인 公孫遂를 파견한 사실에서 이를 확인할 수 있다. 한편, 패수를 사이에 두고 5천여 필의 말과 군량미를 1만여 병사가 무기를 지니고 도강하려던 상황에서 상호 의심에 의해 화의가 깨진 정황은 패수의 수심이 강을 걸어서 건널 수 있는 수심의 강일 가능성을 보여주고 있다. 이는 패수비정을 위한 중요한 조건으로 향후 패수 위치 논의의 자료로서 주목된다. 한편, 한에 투항한 제후 중 기원전 105년 조선왕자 장각은 朝鮮으로 하여금 謀反을 하게하였고 기원전 99년 尼谿相 參은 朝鮮亡虜를 숨겨주다 投獄되어 죽는 등 위만조선을 다시 부흥시키기 위한 일련의 사건들이 연속되어 나타났는데 이는 이 지역의 蝗災 사건 등의 기록은 비록 그 규모와 내용이 상대적으로 미약할 수 있으나 붕괴된 위만조선을 부흥시키려는 사실로서 이같은 고조선부흥전쟁은 고조선을 구성하였던 예맥,구려만이로 지칭된 고구려 등의 세력이 함께 부흥전쟁을 전개하였으며 眞蕃과 臨屯의 폐치와 樂浪으로 재편되었다. 그리고 玄菟郡의 경우도 소제 元鳳 6년(기원전 75)에 그 위치를 이동으로 연결되어 이같은 항번을 주도한 고구려를 중심으로 고조선의 역사성이 계승되었다.
Abstract
In this paper, the author reconfirms that the previously announced date of the collapse of Wiman Joseon is not when King Ugeo of Wiman Joseon was assassinated in 108 BC, as comprehensively recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian and the Joseon Chronicles of the Book of Han, but rather when the fall of Wangheomseong (Wanggeomseong) appears in the List of Meritorious Subjects of the Book of Han, as well as when Seongjia, the central force of the resistance, was assassinated in 107 BC, and accordingly, the dates of the establishment of Nakrang Commandery and the fall of Wangheomseong were about a year apart, and consequently, the locations of Nakrang Commandery and Wanggeomseong (Wangheomseong) were separate spaces. In addition, from a recent archaeological and documentary perspective, it has been suggested that Wanggeomseong and Nakrang should be separated, with Nakrang being the current Pyongyang area and Wanggeomseong being in the Liaodong Peninsula area. This is the same position as my previous understanding, and I was able to confirm once again that the archaeological community has confirmed my position. Meanwhile, the war between Wiman Joseon and Han lasted for three years, from the fall of 109 BC to around March 107 BC, with the actual fighting lasting about two years. All the generals who participated in the Wiman Joseon War were either punished or punished. As Sima Qian commented, this was in fact a war that was lost. In particular, in the attack on Wiman Joseon, the left general Sun Che, a hardliner, was a subordinate general who had previously participated in the suppression of the Huns with the general Wei Qing. It was confirmed that Emperor Wu of Han dispatched Wei Shan, a member of the Wei Qing family who could control the left general, and Gongsun Sui, a member of the Gongsun family who also participated in the suppression of the Huns. In particular, it is noteworthy that the situation in which the peace was broken due to mutual suspicion in the situation in which 5,000 horses and 10,000 soldiers with weapons were trying to cross the river with 5,000 horses and military provisions between them, shows the possibility that the water depth of the Paesu River was deep enough to be crossed on foot. This is an important condition for the Paesu Bijeong and is noteworthy as data for future discussions on the location of the Paesu River. In other words, although the existing forces of Wiman Joseon surrendered after the leaders of the resistance forces were killed, the Gojoseon forces continued to resist. In addition, the surrendering forces actually strategically surrendered to avoid annihilation, and soon gathered their forces and resumed their revival. Ultimately, this resistance was the Gojoseon revival war, and the continued resistance was caused by Prince Ugeo’s rebellion against Joseon in 105 BC, and the resistance forces continued to resist until 99 BC, and they were closely connected to these anti-Han vassals and resisted. This fact has raised a big problem in our historical awareness by generalizing the perception that Wiman Joseon did not engage in any resistance or revival war after its collapse. In particular, the meaning and historical nature of the Gojoseon revival war should be newly highlighted in that it was not only an effort to revive the dynasty but also an effort to lead national resistance and new history. In addition, this Gojoseon Revival War was waged by the forces of Goguryeo, referred to as Yemaek and Goguryeoman, which formed Gojoseon, and as a result, the Goguryeo forces that formed Gojoseon continued to resist Han.