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Structure-function Relationships that Determine Sprint Performance and Running Speed in Sport

William F. Brechue
국민체육진흥공단 한국스포츠과학원 (Korea Institute of Sport Science)|2011.12|IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences)|제23권 제2호|pp. 313-350|DOI 10.24985/ijass.2011.23.2.313

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참고문헌

키워드

gender differencesmuscular powerMuscular strengthmuscle architecturefiber typesport performancemuscle-tendon stiffnessrace differences
주제분류기타예술체육

초록

Running speed is critical for sport performance and is the basis for sport selection. The 100 m sprint is the ultimate expression of running speed. As the 100 m sprint is the product of one-dimensional power, sport performance requires one-dimensional power and the translation of that power into change-of-direction power for performance. These would appear to be very different skills, yet the training techniques are largely similar. The purpose of this paper is to review the characteristics of 100 m sprint performance as related to running speed for sport performance and to explore the mechanical and physiological structure-function relationships that support these performance characteristics. Both sprinting and sport performance require great acceleration which depends heavily on muscular strength and power. Undoubtedly, muscle fiber type plays a critical role in determining running speed. However, muscle architecture, specifically muscle fascicle length and localized muscle distribution (muscle shape), appear to confer even greater performance specificity. Both sprinting and sport performance rely heavily on muscle-tendon stiffness for the efficient application of force for what is ultimately change-of-direction power, but with a different point of emphasis and outcome. While the energetic requirement for competition is significantly different,sprinters and sports performers have similar anaerobic and aerobic capacities suggesting an equivalent metabolic conditioning. Given the dependence of running speed on muscle force/power and similar training adaptations, resistance exercise training appears to be a specific analogue for sprint performance and is critical for improving running speed. Ultimately, it appears that the mechanical and physiological structure-function relationships are quite similar only applied in a different manner for speed and purpose. Gender and race differences in structurefunction relationships result in some changes in emphasis for performance and for training.

Abstract

Running speed is critical for sport performance and is the basis for sport selection. The 100 m sprint is the ultimate expression of running speed. As the 100 m sprint is the product of one-dimensional power, sport performance requires one-dimensional power and the translation of that power into change-of-direction power for performance. These would appear to be very different skills, yet the training techniques are largely similar. The purpose of this paper is to review the characteristics of 100 m sprint performance as related to running speed for sport performance and to explore the mechanical and physiological structure-function relationships that support these performance characteristics. Both sprinting and sport performance require great acceleration which depends heavily on muscular strength and power. Undoubtedly, muscle fiber type plays a critical role in determining running speed. However, muscle architecture, specifically muscle fascicle length and localized muscle distribution (muscle shape), appear to confer even greater performance specificity. Both sprinting and sport performance rely heavily on muscle-tendon stiffness for the efficient application of force for what is ultimately change-of-direction power, but with a different point of emphasis and outcome. While the energetic requirement for competition is significantly different,sprinters and sports performers have similar anaerobic and aerobic capacities suggesting an equivalent metabolic conditioning. Given the dependence of running speed on muscle force/power and similar training adaptations, resistance exercise training appears to be a specific analogue for sprint performance and is critical for improving running speed. Ultimately, it appears that the mechanical and physiological structure-function relationships are quite similar only applied in a different manner for speed and purpose. Gender and race differences in structurefunction relationships result in some changes in emphasis for performance and for training.

참고문헌 (142)

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