동아시아의 경쟁과 디지털 미디어 그리고 일본의 근접한 적들
East Asian Rivalry, Digital Media and Proximate Enemies in Japan
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중국과 한국의 경제성장 사례에서 드러나는 것처럼, 전후 세계 자본주의의 팽창은 아시아 경제와 (상업화된) 문화의 부상을 가져왔다. 반면, 지난 20여 년간 일본사회는 소위 거품경제의 붕괴 이후 경제침체를 극복하기 위해 악전고투해왔다. 일본의 미디어 문화가 세계적으로 호응이 높아지면서 일본의 문화적 힘이 증가해왔다. 하지만 자본주의의 등장과 문화시장의 팽창은 아시아 국가들의 문화시장의 생산력을 증가시켰고, 특히 한국의 문화시장은 일본을 능가하는 수준에 이르렀다. 우리는 일본, 중국, 한국의 경제적이고 문화적인 경쟁관계가 지속적으로 심화되고 있음을 목격하고 있다. 이러한 경쟁관계는 역사적 문제들에 대한 정치적 갈등과 함께 나타나고 있다. 본 논문은 1990년 중반 이후 미디어 문화의 동아시아 지역 내 순환 및 소비의 활성화로 문화적 교류기 상당한 수준으로 진전되었음에도 불구하고, 어떻게 일본에서의 증가하는 반중, 반한 감정이 (반한 감정의 증가는 재일 한국인들에 대한 혐오연설을 야기하기도 한다) 동아시아의 문화적 교류를 억제하고, 최소한 이것을 압도하게 되는지를 논의한다. 본 논문은 동아시아 내의 경쟁관계의 증대가 일본의 상대적인 쇠퇴, 사회경제적인 막연한 좌절감, 그리고 디지털 미디어 커뮤니케이션의 급증과 복잡하게 얽혀서 혐오 표현의 대상으로서 근접한 적에 대한 공격과 추격을 형성해왔음을 주장한다.
Abstract
The substantial expansion of global capitalism in the post-Cold War context has accompanied the ascent of Asian economies and (commercialized) cultures as mostly exemplified by China and South Korea. In contrast, Japan’s experience has been marked by struggles with economic slump after the collapse of the so-called bubble economy. Nonetheless, Japans cultural power has been growing as Japanese media culture has been received favorably internationally. However, the advent of capitalism and the expansion of cultural markets have enhanced the production capacity of other Asian countries as well and South Korean counterparts have even surpassed those of Japan. Accordingly, we have observed the intensification of economic and cultural rivalry between Japan, China and South Korea and the rise of inter-Asian antagonism and the “othering,” joined by political contestation over historical issues. This paper discusses how the rise of anti-Chinese and Korean sentiments in Japan, which also generates hate-speech movements against resident Koreans, overwhelm, if not suppress, East Asian cultural exchange. This is considered within the social context of regional circulation and consumption of media cultures which has considerably advanced East Asian cultural exchange since mid-1990s. It will be argued that growing East Asian rivalry with the relative decline of Japan, the vague sense of socio-economic frustration, and the upsurge of digital media communication have been complicatedly conjoined to engender the attacks and search for proximate enemies as the object of animosity.
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