아랍의 봄 이후 이슬람 정당이 직면한 변화와 도전에 대한 고찰: 모로코와 튀니지 이슬람 정당의 소외 정당에서 기성 정당으로의 변모 과정
Changes and Challenges Facing Islamic Parties after the Arab Spring: Transformation of Tunisian and Moroccan Islamic Parties from Marginalized to Established Political Parties
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
2010년 아랍의 봄 이후 중동 및 북아프리카 지역에서 주목할 만한 정치적 변화는 이슬람 정당의 부상이었다. 기존 권위주의 정권의 퇴진과 정치적 개혁의 요구 속에서 이슬람 정당은 새로운 정치적 대안이었다. 권위주의 정권에 저항하는 반정부세력으로 인식되었던 만큼 이슬람 정당은 정치적 변화를 주도할 수 있는 조직된 정치적 행위자로 여겨지게 된 것이다. 그결과 아랍의 봄 이후 처음 치러진 선거에서 이집트, 튀니지, 모로코에서 이슬람 정당이 크게 선전하며 정치 주요 세력으로부상하게 되었다. 이집트를 제외하고 튀니지와 모로코에서는 여러 차례 선거에서 이슬람 정당이 선전하였다. 튀니지와 모로코의 이슬람 정당은 선거를 통해 다수의 표를 획득하기 위해 정치적으로 온건화하는 모습을 보였고 그 결과 주류 기성정당으로 자리 잡을 수 있었다. 하지만 주류 기성 정당으로 변화한 만큼 대중들의 기대는 높아졌고 대중들이 원하는 정치적 선호를 반영하지 못하면서 최근 선거에서 잇따른 실패를 겪어야만 했다. 본고에서는 이러한 이슬람 정당의 변화 과정을정치 이슬람의 변화가 아닌 하나의 소외 정당에서 주류 정당으로 변화한 정치 정당의 모습에서 분석하였다. 이슬람주의를내세우면서 사회에서 주목을 받았으나 제도권 정치에 진입하면서 유권자들의 표심을 공략하기 위해 자연스럽게 정치적으로 온건화하여 하나의 기성 정당으로 변화할 수밖에 없었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 이슬람 정당의 변화와 그들이 직면한도전에 대해 고찰해 보았다.
Abstract
After the Arab Spring, the rise of Islamic parties has been one of main political change that countries in the Middle East and North Africa have experienced. Due to the uprisings, the existing authoritarian regimes were removed and public demand for political reform increased. In addition, Islamic parties emerged as a new political alternative because the Islamist movements were recognized as anti-government groups who were against political repression from authoritarian regimes. Therefore, many Islamic parties in countries such as Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco won the first elections after the Arab Spring. Except for Egypt, the Islamic parties sought to moderate their attitudes and ideologies to win the majority of votes in elections and become mainstream political parties. As the Islamic parties became the main political players, the citizens’ demand for Islamic parties to ignite political change increased. However, these parties failed to deliver their political promises to supporters and lost the recent elections in Tunisia and Morocco. Furthermore, Islamic parties face a dilemma between being a religious group and a popular political party. This study attempts to examine Islamic parties’ transformation from the perspective of excluded political groups becoming main political parties and contributes to the existing literature by exploring the political challenges faced by Islamic parties as they became moderate and dominant powers in established politics.
참고문헌 (36)
- 김효정, "민주화 혁명 이후 튀니지 세속주의의 변화- 2014 신헌법과 2017 여성 관련법 개정과정에서의 시민사회 역할을 중심으로-", 한국중동학회논총, 43(2), pp.145~172 (2022), 한국중동학회[DOI]
- 엄익란, "이슬람주의 흐름 변화에 대한 연구: 정치이슬람에서 시민이슬람으로의 패러다임 전환을 중심으로", 중동연구, 41(1), pp.27~56 (2022), 중동연구소
- 한새롬, "‘아랍의 봄’10년 후-튀니지 민주화의 재조명-", 한국중동학회논총, 42(1), pp.99~124 (2021), 한국중동학회[DOI]
- Ayari, Michael Bechir, "S’engager en régime autoritaire. Islamistes et gauchistes dans la Tunisie indépendante", PhD, pp.2009
- Bayat, A, "Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Tturn" (2007), Stanford University Press
- Buehler, M, "The Threat to “Un-moderate”: Moroccan Islamists and the Arab Spring", Middle East Law and Governance, 5(3), pp.231~257 (2013)
- Downs, A, "An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Ddemocracy", Journal of Political Economy, 65(2), pp.135~150 (1957)
- El-Ghobashy, M, "The Metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim Brothers", International Journal of Middle East Studies, 37(3), pp.373~395 (2005)
- Fakir, I, "Morocco’s Islamist Party: Redefining Politics under Pressure", ~ (2017)
- Giulia Cimini, "The Economic Agendas of Islamic Parties in Tunisia and Morocco: Between Discourses and Practices", Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 11(3), pp.48~64 (2017)
- Ghafar, A. A., "Islamist Parties in North Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt" (2018), Brookings Doha Center
- Ghannouchi, R, "From political Islam to Muslim Democracy : The Ennahda Party and the Future of Tunisia", Foreign Aff, 95, pp.58~ (2016)
- Grewal, S, "From Islamists to Muslim Democrats : the Case of Tunisia’s Ennahda", American Political Science Review, 114(2), pp.519~535 (2020)
- Huntington, S, "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century" (1991), University of Oklahoma Press
- Kalyvas, S. N, "Commitment Problems in Emerging Democracies: The Case of Religious Parties", Comparative Politics, pp.379~398 (2000)
- "The Rise and Fall of Morocco’s Justice and Development Party, European Eye on Radicalizatin" (2022)[URL]
- Linz, J. J., "Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-communist Europe" (1996), jhu Press
- Lipset, S. M., "Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives", pp.1~64 (1967), The Free Press
- Marks, Monica, "Ennahda from Within: Islamists or Muslim Democrats?" (2016), Brookings Institute
- Meddeb, H, "Ennahda’s Uneasy Exit from Political Islam" (2019), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
- Meguid, B. M, "Competition between Unequals: The Role of Mainstream Party Strategy in Niche Party Success", American Political Science Review, 99, pp.347~359 (2005)
- Meyer, Thomas M., "Mainstream or Niche? Vote-seeking Incentives and the Programmatic Strategies of Political Parties", Comparative Political Studies, 46(10), pp.1246~1272 (2013)
- MEE staff, "Tunisia’s Ennahda Rejects Proposal to Enshrine Secular Inheritance into Law", Middle East Eye, ~ (2018)
- Parolin, G, "Constitutions Against Revolutions : Political Participation in North Africa", British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 42(1), pp.31~45 (2015)
- Przeworski, A, "Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America" (1991), Cambridge University Press
- Ragione, Tiziana Della, "Morocco’s Normalization with Israel: The Party for Justice and Development (PJD)’s Reaction", Tel Aviv Notes, ~ (2021)
- Roy, Olivier, "Review of Political Islam After the Arab Spring : Between Jihad and Democracy", Foreign Affairs, 96(6), pp.127~132 (2017)
- Salem, Maryam Ben, "“God Loves the Rich.” The Economic Policy of Ennahda: Liberalism in the Service of Social Solidarity", Politics and Religion, 13(4), pp.695~718 (2020)
- Sartori, G, "Parties and Party Systems" (1976), Cambridge University Press
- Schwedler, Jillian, "Can Islamists Become Moderates? Rethinking the Inclusionmoderation Hypothesis", World Politics, 63(2), pp.347~376 (2011)
- Share, D., "Political Liberalization in Brazil: Dynamics, Dilemmas, and Future Prospects" (1986), Westview
- Spiegel, A, "Succeeding by Surviving: Examining the Durability of Political Islam in Morocco" (2015), Brookings Institution
- Strom, K, "A Behavioral Theory of Competitive Political Parties", American Journal of Political Science, pp.565~598 (1990)
- Tezcür, G. M, "When Democratization Radicalizes : The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in Turkey", Journal of Peace Research, 47(6), pp.775~789 (2010)
- Too Strategic for the Base: How the Nidaa-Ennahdha Alliance Has Done More Harm Than Good, "Yerkes, S.", ~, pp.Issue Brief 4 (2018)
- The Party of Justice and Development and Post-2011 Economic Policymaking In Morocco, "Yildirim, A. Kadir", Baker Institute for Public Policy, ~ (2021)