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메콩 지역 일대일로 이니셔티브의 사회적 수용성 고찰: 라오스와 캄보디아 초국경 인프라 구축 사례를 중심으로

Social Acceptance of the Belt and Road Initiative in the Mekong Region: Cases ofTransboundary Infrastructure Construction in Laos and Cambodia

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주제분류사회과학일반

초록

중국의 일대일로 이니셔티브(BRI, Belt and Road Initiatives)가 2013년 등장한 이후 10년의 세월이 흘렀다. 중국은 동남아 시아 CLMV 국가를 포함한 전 세계 150개 국가와 200개 이상의 BRI를 추진하며 초국경 인프라를 구축하고 있다. BRI 10 년 동안 중국은 주요 행위자로서 전 지구적으로 주목을 받고 있지만, 초국경 인프라가 구축되고 있는 개도국은 객체로 인 식되거나 주변화되어 주목받지 못하고 있는 상황이다. 본 연구는 이에 초점을 맞춰 사례분석 연구방법을 통해 BRI 하에서 라오스와 캄보디아에서 구축되고 있는 초국경 인프라 수용이 잘 이뤄지고 있는지를 분석했다. 분석을 위한 도구는 소바 쿨(Sovacool et al.)과 뷔스텐하겐(Wüstenhagen)이 제시한 사회적 수용성(social acceptance)을 측정할 때 활용한 세 평 가기준인 사회정치적 수용성(Socio-political Acceptance), 공동체 수용성(Community Acceptance), 시장 수용성(Market Acceptance)을 더욱 세분화해 보완한 모델을 활용할 것이다. 소바쿨은 사회정치적 수용성으로 ‘강력한 제도적 역량 (Strong institutional capacity)’, ‘정치적 약속(Political commitment)’, ‘법과 규제의 우호성(Favorable legal and regulatory frameworks)’으로 평가지표를 세분화했다. 다음으로 공동체 수용성은 ‘지역 및 주민의 소유권과 사용(Prolific community/ individual ownership and use)’, ‘프로젝트 입지선정 과정 참여(Participatory project siting)’, ‘외부성과 긍정적 공공 이미지 에 대한 인식(Recognition of externalities or positive public image)’으로 세분화해서 제시하고 있다. 마지막으로 시장 수 용성은 ‘경쟁력 있는 설비와 운용비용(Competitive installation/production costs)’, ‘정보와 피드백 메커니즘(Mechanisms for information and feedback)’, ‘재정접근성(Access to financing)’으로 세분화했다. 본 연구에서는 라오스의 쿤밍-보텐- 비안티엔 고속철도와 캄보디아의 시아누크빌 항만이라는 초국경 인프라의 사회적 수용성을 분석해, 사회정치적 수용성은 대체로 잘 이뤄졌으나 공동체와 시장수용성은 대체로 잘 이뤄지지 않고 있는 것으로 분석됐다. 이를 기초로 앞으로 연결 성의 역설과 중국의 연결 전략 관련 연구를 확대할 필요성을 지적한다.

Abstract

Ten years have passed since China’s Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI) emerged in 2013. China is building transboundary infrastructure by promoting more than 200 BRIs with 150 countries around the world, including Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam (CLMV). For 10 years of BRI, China has been attracting attention worldwide as a major actor, but developing countries where transboundary infrastructure is being built, are not receiving attention because they are recognized or marginalized as objects. This study analyzes whether the acceptance of transboundary infrastructure being built in Laos and Cambodia under BRI is carried out through case analysis research methods. As a tool for analysis, we use a model that subdivides and supplements the three evaluation criteria used by Sobacool to measure social acceptance proposed by Wüstenhagen: Socio-political Acceptance, Community Acceptance, and Market Acceptance. Sobacool subdivided the evaluation indicators into ‘Strong institutional capacity’, ‘Political commitment’, and ‘Favourable legal and regulatory frameworks’ as socio-political acceptance. Second, community acceptance is presented by subdividing it into ‘Proficial community/individual ownership and use’, ‘Particular project sitting’, and ‘Recognition of externalities or positive public image’. Third, market acceptance is subdivided into ‘Competitive installation/production costs’, ‘Mechanisms for information and feedback’, and ‘Access to financing’. This study analyzed the social acceptance of the transboundary infrastructure of Laos’ Kunming-Boten-Vientiane high-speed rail and Cambodia’s Sihanoukville port, and socio-political acceptance was generally well achieved, but community and market acceptance were generally not well achieved. Based on this, the study points out the paradox of connectivity and the need to expand research related to China's connection strategy in the future.

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