구소련 붕괴 이후 중앙아시아 고려인의 사회-경제 그리고 민족문화의 발전과정
The Process of the Social, Economic, and Cultural Developments of the Korean in the Central Asia
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This paper considers the most significant changes taking place among Central Asian Koreans. The purpose of the author is a complex analysis of current demographical, social-cultural and ethnic processes of the Korean diasporas in differentiated contexts of developing independent states: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and others. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the founding of the CIS, another new page was opened in the history of the Korean [Koryo saram]. They are again being forced to adapt, this time to the nationalizing republics of Central Asia. For the last two decades the number of Korean population has reduced and it was caused both by the deteriorating socio-economic conditions and lower birth rate, higher death rate, migrations from the Central Asian region. There are new trends in the social structure and professional occupation among the Korean Diasporas in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and other countries of the Central Asia. Deterioration of the living conditions after the collapse of the Soviet Union has put the majority of population including Koreans on the brink of survival. Non-payments of salaries and their general reduction when prices were getting higher made millions of people quit their former jobs and take up other activities bringing profit. As a result we faced the process of washout of the academic and creative intelligentsia among the Korean and on the one hand, reduction of the number of white-collar workers and increase in the number of those engaged in their own small or medium businesses. Prolonged living in the countries other than countries of their origin transforms generations of immigrants into a sub-ethnos-Diaspora, broken off from its ethnic nucleus and being different from it in some peculiarities of their culture, way of life and language. The identity and self-consciousness evolution in the diasporic environment is, as a rule, several generations long as they are determined by a whole set of factors both of inner nature and outer characteristics. Koreans in the Central Asia have experienced the change of the Soviet identity into national identity of a sovereign state in which they were born and are living now. "The revolutionary" change of national belonging was the consequence of the political cataclysm-collapse of the Soviet Union. At the same time the evolutionary transformation of ethnic consciousness of the post Soviet Koreans has not become cardinal to cause its change. Twenty years is not a long time in the history of any nation but the years gone through at the turn of the century and millennium have turned to be extremely rich in crucial historical events, radical transformation of socio-political system and social relations. Korean Diasporas of the Central Asia are facing new challenges, they have to solve vital problems and determine their further development. Besides internal national factors Diasporas living in the Central Asia are influenced by wide and active ties with their historical motherlands, Koreans not being an exception in this sense. The relations between the Republic of Korea on the one hand and Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan where about one third of all the former Soviet Koreans live, on the other hand, have been rapidly developing. These relations covered all the aspects of political, socio-economic, cultural and scientific life. In order to achieve more efficient and rapid development of such relations it is necessary to create 'a system of centralized management'. There is no long-term, well thought out, expedient program of cooperation with Korean Diasporas in the post soviet Central Asia and Russia. The South Korean government and NGOs are focusing on supporting not on cooperation programs with the Korean Diasporas in the former USSR. Koryo saram are blood brothers to the Korean from the South and North but due to the historical destiny they are different from each other in mentality, psychology, habits, and life styles. It is crucial to know our common features and our differences, it is necessary to respect each other, to support and assist each other, to strengthen and develop Korean commonwealth for the sake of the future unified Corea.
Abstract
This paper considers the most significant changes taking place among Central Asian Koreans. The purpose of the author is a complex analysis of current demographical, social-cultural and ethnic processes of the Korean diasporas in differentiated contexts of developing independent states: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and others. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the founding of the CIS, another new page was opened in the history of the Korean [Koryo saram]. They are again being forced to adapt, this time to the nationalizing republics of Central Asia. For the last two decades the number of Korean population has reduced and it was caused both by the deteriorating socio-economic conditions and lower birth rate, higher death rate, migrations from the Central Asian region. There are new trends in the social structure and professional occupation among the Korean Diasporas in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and other countries of the Central Asia. Deterioration of the living conditions after the collapse of the Soviet Union has put the majority of population including Koreans on the brink of survival. Non-payments of salaries and their general reduction when prices were getting higher made millions of people quit their former jobs and take up other activities bringing profit. As a result we faced the process of washout of the academic and creative intelligentsia among the Korean and on the one hand, reduction of the number of white-collar workers and increase in the number of those engaged in their own small or medium businesses. Prolonged living in the countries other than countries of their origin transforms generations of immigrants into a sub-ethnos-Diaspora, broken off from its ethnic nucleus and being different from it in some peculiarities of their culture, way of life and language. The identity and self-consciousness evolution in the diasporic environment is, as a rule, several generations long as they are determined by a whole set of factors both of inner nature and outer characteristics. Koreans in the Central Asia have experienced the change of the Soviet identity into national identity of a sovereign state in which they were born and are living now. "The revolutionary" change of national belonging was the consequence of the political cataclysm-collapse of the Soviet Union. At the same time the evolutionary transformation of ethnic consciousness of the post Soviet Koreans has not become cardinal to cause its change. Twenty years is not a long time in the history of any nation but the years gone through at the turn of the century and millennium have turned to be extremely rich in crucial historical events, radical transformation of socio-political system and social relations. Korean Diasporas of the Central Asia are facing new challenges, they have to solve vital problems and determine their further development. Besides internal national factors Diasporas living in the Central Asia are influenced by wide and active ties with their historical motherlands, Koreans not being an exception in this sense. The relations between the Republic of Korea on the one hand and Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan where about one third of all the former Soviet Koreans live, on the other hand, have been rapidly developing. These relations covered all the aspects of political, socio-economic, cultural and scientific life. In order to achieve more efficient and rapid development of such relations it is necessary to create 'a system of centralized management'. There is no long-term, well thought out, expedient program of cooperation with Korean Diasporas in the post soviet Central Asia and Russia. The South Korean government and NGOs are focusing on supporting not on cooperation programs with the Korean Diasporas in the former USSR. Koryo saram are blood brothers to the Korean from the South and North but due to the historical destiny they are different from each other in mentality, psychology, habits, and life styles. It is crucial to know our common features and our differences, it is necessary to respect each other, to support and assist each other, to strengthen and develop Korean commonwealth for the sake of the future unified Corea.
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