러시아의 구소련지역 재외동포 정책: 연속성과 변화의 측면
Russian's Policy on Compatriots in Post-Soviet Space: The Aspects of Continuity and the Change
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소연방 붕괴 이후 1993년부터 공식적으로 재외동포에 대한 개념과 정책을 수립하여 시행해 온 러시아 연방의 ‘재외러시아인(Russian abroad)'에 대한 접근은 강·온의 측면을 조절해왔다. 본 논문에서는 러시아 정부가 새로운 국민국가를 형성하기 시작한 1993년의 상황부터 2010년 메드베데프(D. Medvedev) 대통령 집권기에 이르기까지의 러시아의 구소련지역 재외 동포 정책을 연속성과 변화의 측면에서 살펴보고 있다. 초기 옐친(B.Yeltsin) 정부 시기에는 ’이중국적‘ 정책을 통해 구소련 권역 내의 러시아인은 물론 러시아 국적을 원하는 과거 소련 시민들에게 국적을 부여하는 적극적인 정책을 시행했지만, 쌍무조약에 의해 이중국적 협약을 체결해야 하는 문제의 속성 때문에 상대 국가의 동의를 얻지 못하고 이중국적 정책은 표류해왔다. 푸틴(V. Putin) 대통령 집권 이후에는 이중국적 정책에 대한 강조보다는 재외 러시아인과 러이아연방의 러시아인이 서로 연계를 강화시키고, 러시아인이라는 존재의 원천이 인종적인 러시아인에 대한 동질감보다는 러시아어와 러시아문화라는 데 근거하여, 러시아어와 러시아문화의 확산을 목적으로 국제적인 활동을 증대하는데 주력해왔다. 이와 같은 정책 기조의 전환은 소프트 파워(soft power)를 강조하는데서 분명하게 나타난다. 러시아 정부의 재외동포 정책은강·온 양 측면이 조절되어 있는 방향으로 전환하고 있으며, 이와 같은 추세는 지속될 수밖에 없을 것으로 판단된다. 러시아연방과 구소련 국가들 간의 대외 관계 및 국내정세의 본질적 측면과 근본적으로 연계되어 있으며, 러시아연방의 통합성을 확보하기 위해 수사적인 측면에서 러시아의 재외동포 정책이 구사되고 있기 때문이다. 결국 러시아의 재외동포 정책은 러시아의 정치적 의제 중에서 높은 순위를 차지하고 있는 사안은 아니지만, 러시아 정부가 처한 중·단기적 상황과 조건에 따라 변화할 수 있는 성격을 지니고 있다.
Abstract
Russian government's approaches which has been established formally the concepts and policies on her own compatriots to Russian abroad has been fluctuated on the level from low to high stage after the collapse of Soviet Union. This paper has a purpose to analyse the whole aspects of Russia's policy toward their compatriots in the region of the former Soviet Union from 1993 to 2010 during the time of nation building. In early period of President Yelsin's era, the dual nationality policy as active representation was appeared directly to neighbor states. The problems of Russians living in different countries are not similar, but the common theme is the issue of defending their rights and interests as national minorities. Over the last 10 years, after inauguration of the President, Putin, lots of things has been done to support compatriots, the Russian World foundation and other organizations has been established. For the purpose of preserving cultural identity it is necessary to open centers of the Russian language abroad, including those based on the parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church. Russian President, Medvedev also noted that th government program to assist the voluntary resettlement of compatriots in Russia would be changed. So far, more that 17,000 people and their families have come back to Russia. More that 20 Russian regions have programs or plans for working with Russians living abroad. The Russian authorities have decided to correct the program by the end of the year, 2010, increasing the number of regions participating in it. Russias's national program on Russians abroad in the aspects of Russian cultural and linguistic proliferation will be continued for achieving national integrity for the time being. In 2000s, Russia uses its compatriots' policy as a way of exerting soft power on neighboring countries. In order to reach as wide a group as possible, Russian policy-makers developed the concept of 'Russian World.' However the agenda on Russian compatriots in the former Soviet Union is not absolute national interests, so it depends on the timely change in domestic politics, especially in economic conditions.
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