유학에서 성인을 모방하는 성학(聖學)에 담긴 도덕 공부론 — 주자의 제외양중론(制外養中論)을 중심으로 —

Abstract

This article begins with a question about whether the study of emulation exemplars in Confucianism involves merely repeating virtuous actions or genuinely understanding and practicing them. Traditional discussions of emulation often emphasize imitating actions or identifying virtuous behavior to follow. However, this approach has limitations. For instance, even if one discerns that taking frequent naps is not virtuous, merely recognizing this does not necessarily lead to consistent practice. To address this, the author suggests that true emulation occurs when individuals deeply understand the reasons behind virtuous actions and wholeheartedly commit to practicing them. Drawing inspiration from Zhu Xi (a prominent Neo-Confucian philosopher), the author argues that emulation involves not only external imitation but also internal alignment with virtuous principles. Zhu Xi’s concept of “holding body and honoring his virtuous nature” underscores this idea. According to Zhu Xi, genuine emulation involves embodying virtuous conduct and aligning one’s inner disposition with it. The study of virtue, therefore, extends beyond mimicking actions to internalizing virtuous principles. The author also highlights cases where disciples who imitate virtuous behavior persistently and humbly. This nuanced approach recognizes that emulation encompasses both external actions and internal transformation. In summary, this study sheds light on the challenge of bridging the gap between recognizing virtue and consistently practicing it. It provides valuable insights for addressing contemporary moral education, emphasizing not only discernment but also sincere commitment to virtuous living.