분단체제 아래서 재일 코리언의 이동권
The Right of Movement of Korean Diaspora Residing in Japan under the Divided Regime
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분단체제 아래서 재일 코리언들의 입출국은 당국의 정책적 고려에 좌우되고 있다. 인권의 시각에서 말하자면 재일 코리언들은 한반도와의 역사적 민족적 유대로 인해 남북한에 대해 특수한 지위를 갖는다. 그들은 이 특수한 지위 때문에 1952년 샌프란시스코 조약에 따라 종래의 일본국적을 일방적으로 박탈당하고 조선적으로 변경되었다. 이동권에 관한 국제법이론이나 인권기구의 결정도 재일 코리언들의 인권침해 실상을 반영하지 못하고 있다. 식민지배, 전쟁, 분단과 같은 복합적 비극으로 점철된 재일 코리언의 상황이 오히려 이동권 법리를 발전시키는 계기가 될 것이다. 지난 개혁 공간에서 재일 코리언들의 이동은 지난 개혁 공간에서 해빙기를 맞이하다가 보수정부 아래서 정치적 이유로 점차 부인당하고 있다. 필자는 조선적 재일 코리언으로서 입국을 거부당한 정영환씨, 조작간첩사건으로 인해 일본에서 특별영주권을 상실한 김정사씨, 한통련 조직 활동을 이유로 여권 발급을 거부당한 손형근씨, 분단조국의 국적을 포기하고 무국적자가 되려 한 고강호씨 사례를 국제인권법상의 이동권 관념에 비추어 검토하였다. 검토의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째로, 조선적 재일 코리언은 역사적 민족적 유대로 인해 고국권을 향유하며 이는 귀환권의 중요한 근거가 된다. 둘째로, 자의적 구금으로 특별 영주권을 상실한 재일 코리언에게 원래의 법적 지위를 회복해 주는 것이 한국과 일본 정부의 국제인권법상의 의무이다. 셋째로, 해외 거주 반정부 인사에 대한 여권 발급 거부는 국제인권법에 대한 심각한 위반이며, 한통련에 대한 과거 정치재판은 사법적으로 폐기되어야 한다. 넷째로, 일본에서 특별영주권을 보유한 한국적 동포의 국적포기신청은 유럽국적협약에 준하여 처리하는 것이 바람직하다.
Abstract
This essay will touch the several cases regarding freedom of movement of Korean diaspora permanently residing in Japan(KDiJ). Although the right of movement is provided down in Korean Constitution, KDiJ have not enjoyed the right of movement in the InterKorean relations under the partition regime. In the past 10 years of liberal Government of Korea, KDiJ with Chosun nationality had enjoyed the right to visit Korea. After the emergence of conservative government their right to visit South Korea is basically limited or denied. In terms of international human rights law, KDiJ have the right to his original ethnic country based on the historical and ethnic ties with both South and North Korea. This fundamental status gives KDiJ with Chosun nationality the right of return to South or North Korea. In 1973 a group of KDiJ with Korean nationality organized HanMinTong in order to struggle against the authoritarian regime. But this association was declared as an illegal anti-state organization according to the National Security Law by the Supreme Court in 1977. Korean government refused issuing passports to the members of the successor organization of HanMinTong on account of this political trial. It has been reaffirmed in the several communications by Human Rights Committee that refusal of passport to political dissenters is not admitted in the international human rights law. In principle Korean Government has the legal duty to issue passports to KDiJ with Korean nationality. Furthermore, the recent retrial decisions declared that under the authoritarian regime most convictions in the espionage cases relating with KDiJ had been politically manipulated and abused. The victims of the political trials could not perform the legal duty to annually report to the Japanese immigration authorities due to arbitrary imprisonment in Korea that they lost their special status of permanent residence in Japan. Korean Government should start diplomatic negotiation with the Japanese Government in order to restitute their original status. Basically they have the right of return to Japan according to ICCPR, because they have special ties to Japan. Surprisingly, Mr. Koh Kangho claimed to be stateless and applied for renunciation of Korean nationality. Korean Supreme Court rejected Koh’s application on the ground of state obligation to reduce statelessness in terms of international law. But considering European Convention on Nationality, Koh has no material and genuine link with Korea and he keeps up his status of permanent residence regardless of being stateless. Therefore, Koh should be given the right of expatriation.
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