브라질 외교정책 분석의 이론화 모색: 브라질 대국외교에 있어 ‘그란데자’ 정체성의 역할
Searching for a Theory of Brazilian Foreign Policy Analysis: The Role of Grandeza Identity in Brazil’s Great Power Diplomacy
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이 논문의 목적은 ‘그란데자’라는 정체성을 단일 독립변수로 하는 분석틀을 제시함으로써 브라질 외교정책 분석의 이론화를 모색하는 것이다. 브라질의 대국외교란 브라질이 스스로 강대국이라는 자의식 하에 행하는 외교 또는 강대국 지위를 획득하기 위해 추진되는 외교로 정의되는데, 이는 ‘그란데자’ 정체성에 기반하고 있다. 기존 중견국 이론은 브라질의 ‘그란데자’ 대국외교를 분석하기에 적합하지 않으며, 인식, 정체성과 같은 관념적 요인의 중요성을 강조하는 구성주의 이론이 분석의 통찰력을 제시해준다. 그간 학자들은 브라질 외교가 내향적이고 고립주의적인 전통을 갖고 있었으나 룰라의 등장을 전후로 적극적 참여외교로 전환했다고 주장하나, 통시적 브라질 외교정책 분석법에 따르면 브라질 대국외교는 역사 전체를 통틀어 찾아볼 수 있다. 브라질의 ‘그란데자’ 대국외교는 ‘브라질 예외주의’와 ‘강대국 열망’이 결합되어 외교정책으로 발전된 것으로, 편재성, 영속성, 관념성이라는 속성을 띠고 있다. 브라질의 ‘그란데자’ 대국외교를 분석한 결과, ‘그란데자’ 정체성이 브라질 외교를 결정하며, ‘그란데자’ 대국외교는 시대를 초월해 확인되고, 간주관적 인식을 통해 대외 정체성이 구성되며, 관념적·비물질적 수단을 통해 ‘그란데자’ 대국외교가 추진된다는 점이 증명되었다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the theorization of Brazilian Foreign Policy Analysis by presenting an analytical framework centered on the single independent variable of “grandeza identity.” Brazil’s Great Power Diplomacy (GPD) is defined as diplomatic efforts carried out under the self-consciousness of Brazil as a great power or pursued to acquire great power status based on grandeza identity. While existing Middle Power Theories are not suitable for analyzing Brazil’s grandeza based GPD, Constructivism provides a more suitable analytical lens, emphasizing the role of ideological factors such as cognition and identity. Scholars have suggested that Brazilian foreign policy had a inward-looking and isolationist tradition, but transformed into active participation diplomacy during the Lula da Silva administration. However, a diachronic approach to Brazilian Foreign Policy Analysis reveals that GPD can be observed throughout Brazil's diplomatic history. Brazil’s GPD, rooted in grandeza identity, was developed as a foreign policy by combining “Brazilian exceptionalism” and “great power aspirations,” and has the attributes of ubiquity, perpetuity, and ideality. By analyzing Brazil’s GPD, this paper confirms that grandeza identity played a crucial role in shaping Brazilian foreign policy, and that GPD is a persistent and enduring aspect of Brazilian foreign policy. This study also shows that external identity is formed through intersubjective recognition, and that Brazil’s GPD is promoted through ideological and non-material means.
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