EU 반덤핑법상 최소부과원칙에 대한 연구
A Study On the Less Duty Rule of EU Anti-Dumping Law
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최소부과원칙(Lesser Duty Rule)이란 공동체 산업의 피해를 제거하기에 충분하다면 반덤핑관세액은 덤핑마진보다 적게 부과되어야 한다는 것이다. 즉 최소부과원칙은 비례의 원칙 중 두 번째의 하부명령인 필요성의 원칙을 잘 구현하려는 것이다. WTO 반덤핑협정에는 회원국 당국의 재량으로 인정되어 있지만 유럽연합의 경우에는 집행위원회(the Commission)가 반덤핑관세 부과시 의무적으로 최소부과원칙을 적용해야 하는 점이 다른 점이다. 그러나 문제는 최소부과원칙의 적용시 피해액 산정에 있어서 가장 중요한 구체적 기준을 현행 기본규칙에서는 명시하고 있지 않다는 점이다. 그리하여 유럽연합이 피해마진을 산정할 때 사용하고 있는 목표가격의 설정, 거래 대 거래 방식에서의 네거티브 제로잉의 사용 등이 WTO 반덤핑협정상 공정한 가격비교의 원칙에 위배되는 것은 아닌지가 문제되고 있다. 이것은 EU 당국이 최소부과원칙을 적용하였다고 할 지라도 최소부과원칙의 전제조건인 네거티브 덤핑을 제로잉하여 덤핑의 결과를 왜곡하면 피해액 산정도 따라서 왜곡되기 때문이다. 이러한 유럽연합의 최소부과원칙의 적용방식은 다음과 같은 문제점을 가지고 있다. 첫째로, 염가판매마진 방식으로 덤핑마진을 산정하면서 가상의 목표가격에 근거하여 적정한 이윤을 산출하므로 실제가격보다는 항상 높고 유럽연합 당국의 자의가 개입될 수 밖에 없다는 점이다. 둘째로, 유럽연합법원의 판례에 따른다고 할지라도 피해마진을 산정하는데 전제가 되는 적정한 이윤을 도출해내는 구체적인 기준을 제시하고 있지 않다는 점이다. 셋째로, 유럽연합 당국의 개별사건에서의 반덤핑조치 부과 규칙(regulation)에는 덤핑수입품이 없었다면 달성할 수 있었을 적정한 이윤율에 대해서는 명시하고 있지만, 적정한 이윤율을 산출해내는 구체적 근거에 대해서는 명시하고 있지 않아 그 산출 근거를 잘 알 수 없다는 점이다. 넷째로, 유럽연합은 EC 대 인도산 면화류 침대용품(Cotton-Type Bed Linen) 사건 이후 덤핑마진 산정시에는 더 이상 제로잉을 하지 않지만 피해마진 산정시에는 여전히 모델 제로잉 방식을 사용하여 제로잉하고 있어 문제가 될 소지는 있으나, 피해마진이 덤핑마진보다 작다면 이러한 피해마진을 반덤핑관세액으로 부과하여도 WTO 규정을 위배하는 것은 아니라는 점이다. 왜냐하면 덤핑마진을 초과하여 반덤핑관세액을 부과하지만 않으면 WTO 규범에 합치하기 때문이다. 이상의 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 종국적으로는 WTO 차원에서 합리적인 피해인정 산정방식에 대한 규범화를 마련하여야 할 것이다.
Abstract
The Lesser Duty Rule is that the amount of the anti-dumping duty shall not exceed the margin of dumping established but it should be less than the margin if such lesser duty would be adequate to remove the injury to the Union industry. So the second sub-principle of the principle of proportionality, the principle of necessity is well given body to the Lesser Duty Rule in the EU Anti Dumping Law. But it is the problem whether the EU’s method in assessing the margin of injury i.e. setting up of target price, transaction to transaction method, negative zeroing in applying the Lesser Duty Rule is violating the principle of fair comparison in the WTO Anti Dumping Agreement or not. That is why the most important criteria in the calculation of amount of injury is not written in the Basic Regulation 2016/1036. The reason why is that firstly, the method of calculating the reasonable profit on the basis of target price while assessing the dumping margin by price underselling margin is always higher than the real price and leads to the EU institution’s arbitrary decision. Secondly, we don’t know the detailed grounds on the reasonable profit rate because the reasonable profit rate achievable without dumping products is stated in anti dumping regulation imposed by the European Commission but the detailed grounds on the reasonable profit rate is not in the regulation. Thirdly, the Court of Justice of European Union does not rule the concrete criteria about the reasonable profit in calculating the injury margin too. Fourthly, since EC-Cotton-Type Bed Linen from India case, EU does not do zeroing in calculating the dumping margin. But EU does zeroing in calculating the injury margin by model zeroing method. But it is not violating the WTO’s rule. The reason why is that if the injury margin is less than the dumping margin, the Commission is allowed to impose anti dumping duty the full margin of dumping or less under the WTO Rule. Ultimately, norms and standards shall be arranged in WTO level to find the reasonable method in calculating injury margin.
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