반덤핑 관세 흡수 행위의 규제 현황 및 개선 방안- EU・미국의 제도를 중심으로 -
Anti-absorption Regulations: Recommendations Based on a Comparative Study between the U.S. and European Models
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수출자의 덤핑 행위로 인해 자국 산업에 피해가 발생한 경우, 각국은 이를 구제하기 위하여 반덤핑 관세를 부과한다. 이는 합리적인 수입자라면 관세 납부로 인한 비용을 다음 거래 단계에 전가함으로써 덤핑을 상쇄하는 수준으로 가격을 인상할 것이라는 예상을 바탕으로 한다. 그런데 만약 수출자가 수출가격을 인하하거나 수입자와 비용을 분담하는 방법으로 실제 가격 인상 효과가 나타나지 않는 경우, 당초 조사당국이 반덤핑 조치를 통해 의도한 피해의 구제 목적을 달성할 수 없게 된다. 그런데 WTO 반덤핑 협정은 이러한 관세 흡수 행위에 대해 명확한 제재 규정을 두고 있지 않다. 다만 반덤핑 관세의 환불에 관한 협정 제9.3.3조에서 구성수출가격 산정 시 재판매가격의 적절한 변화가 있었는지 여부를 고려해야 한다고 간접적으로 언급하고 있을 뿐이다. 이에 회원국들은 각기 상이한 방식으로 반흡수 제도를 운영하고 있다. 대표적으로 EU와 미국의 관세 흡수 제도를 비교해 보면, 반덤핑 관세의 비용 취급 여부(‘duty as a cost’ 이슈) 및 관세 흡수 조사 방식에 있어 큰 차이를 보인다. 우선 EU는 재심 등에서 구성수출가격을 산정하는 경우 원칙적으로 반덤핑 관세를 비용으로 공제하며, 다만 시장가격이 적절히 인상되었다는 결정적 증거가 있는 경우에는 예외적으로 이를 공제하지 않는다. 반면 미국은 수출자가 수입자를 대신하여 반덤핑 관세를 납부하거나 이에 대한 상환 약정이 있었던 경우를 제외하고는 반덤핑 관세를 비용으로 공제하지 않는다. 다음으로 EU는 반덤핑 조치 이후 수출가격이 하락하거나 재판매가격이 충분히 인상되지 않은 경우 별도의 반흡수 조사를 통해 덤핑 마진율을 재산정한다. 특히 정상가격과 수출가격을 모두 재심사하는 복합흡수조사의 경우, ‘등록’ 신청을 통한 반덤핑 관세의 소급 적용도 가능하다. 한편 미국은 제2차, 제4차 연례재심에서 이해관계자의 신청이 있는 경우 관세 흡수 조사가 이루어지며, 이는 덤핑 마진율에 영향을 미치는 것은 아니고 다만 일몰재심에서 장래의 피해 발생 가능성을 검토할 때에 고려된다. 각국의 반흡수 제도는 WTO 반덤핑 협정상 기본 원칙들과 조화를 이루도록 개선해 나갈 필요성이 있다. 첫째, 반덤핑 관세는 덤핑으로 인한 가격차별을 상쇄하기 위한 것이므로, 덤핑 관세의 인위적 인상으로 인한 이중구제 효과를 피하기 위해서는 구성수출가격에서 이를 비용으로 공제하지 않는 것이 타당하다고 생각한다. 다만 협정 제9.3.3조의 의미는 부당 환급 방지를 위해 관세 흡수 사실을 고려하도록 한 것으로 이해해야 할 것이다. 둘째, 관세 흡수 행위를 요건으로 하는 별도의 조사를 개시하는 경우, 변경된 관세의 효력은 협정 제11조의 다른 재심의 경우와 같이 장래를 향해 적용되는 것으로 한정해야 할 것이다. 또한 협정 제2.4조에서 규정하고 있듯이 정상가격과 수출가격의 동일시기, 동일 단계에서의 공정한 비교를 위하여, 흡수조사는 가능한 정상가격과 수출가격을 모두 심사하는 완전한 중간재심의 형태를 취하는 것이 바람직할 것이다.
Abstract
An antidumping duty is imposed to remedy the injurious effects of dumped goods, based on the assumption that a reasonable importer would pass on the additional costs incurred due to the duty to the subsequent purchasers by increasing the resale prices of the goods. However, the remedial effect is lost when the exporter or importer absorbs the additional costs, resulting in little change to the resale prices of the goods. The WTO Anti-dumping Agreement does not contain any specific provision about duty absorption except Article 9.3.3 which only deals with the concept in relation to the reimbursement of overpaid antidumping duties. Accordingly, each country maintains different regulations regarding duty absorption. For example, the United States and the European Union have different regulations regarding whether antidumping duties should be treated as costs. The EU generally deducts antidumping duties as costs when calculating the constructed export price unless there is conclusive evidence that the antidumping duties have duly passed on to the resale prices in which case no deduction is made. The U.S., on the contrary, does not deduct antidumping duties as costs unless the exporter pays the duties on behalf of the importer or makes reimbursements to the importer. The United States and the European Union also differ in how they investigate duty absorption. The EU conducts a separate duty absorption investigation to recalculate the dumping margin when the export prices have declined or the resale prices have not increased sufficiently. The EU even provides for retroactive application of the revised dumping margin when it conducts the complex anti-absorption investigation which recalculates both the export price and normal price. In the U.S., on the other hands, a duty absorption investigation in only conducted as part of the 2nd and 4th annual administrative reviews, which results do not affect dumping margins, but are only considered at the sunset review to examine the likelihood of recurrence of injury. The investigating authority in each country should improve its duty absorption regulations to be consistent with the fundamental principles of the WTO. First, in order to avoid double remedy, antidumping duties should not be deducted as costs when calculating constructed export prices. Second, the result of a separate duty absorption investigation, like interim reviews, should only be applied proactively as required under Article 11 of the Anti-dumping Agreement. Moreover, in order to ensure a fair comparison as required under Article 2.4, a duty absorption investigation should take the form of a full-fledged investigation which examines both the normal value and the export prices.
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