존 다브넌트의 인간의 자유 선택 이해
‘Liberum Arbitrium’ in the Theology of John Davenant
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학자들이 17세기 초에 있었던 존 다브넌트의 소위 말하는 “가설적 보편구원론”의 정체성에 대해서 논하면서 그것을 아미랄두스 주의의 선구자적인 입장이라고 하거나 초기 정통 개혁 신학의 전통을 따르고 있다고 논의하였다. 전자의 입장을 가진 학자들은 구속의 범위에 대한 다브넌트의 입장이 모이 아미로에 의해 대표되어 지는 아미랄두스 주의와 거의 흡사하다고 주장하였다. 자유 의지 교리에 대한 그의 이해는 다브넌트의 구속의 범위에 대한 입장을 이해하는데 있어서도 상당히 중요한 역할을 한다. 왜냐하면 그가 주장하였던 “그리스도의 구속이란 모든 사람들이 믿는다면 그들 모두가 구원받을 수도 있다는 것이다”라는 신학적 개념은 “모든 사람들이 믿는다면”이라는 구절을 어떻게 해석하느냐에 따라서 그 의미가 달라지기 때문이다. 만약 다브넌트가 모든 사람이 그들 자신의 자유 의지로 믿을 수 있는 능력이 있다고 생각한다면 그의 입장은 그 당시 항론파의 주장과 별 다를 바가 없다. 하지만 그의 입장이 하나님의 중생하는 능력으로 역사하지 않으시면 그들 스스로의 힘으로는 그리스도의 구속을 믿을 수 없다는 것이라면 17세기 초의 다른 정통 개혁 신학자들의 입장과 차이가 없다고 볼 수 있다. 그래서 이 논문은 17세기 초의 유럽 교회 역사를 배경으로 다브넌트의 자유 의지에 관한 입장의 특징을 조명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 먼저 그의 저서들을 분석하면서 인간의 의지의 본성에 관하여 다브넌트가 어떤 생각을 가지고 있었는지 살펴보았다. 그리고 인간의 의지에 성령께서 어떻게 중생의 사역을 하시는지 다브넌트의 입장을 조사한 후에, 하나님의 은혜와 인간의 협력(co-operation)에 관한 견해를 연구하였다. 이런 주제들에 대한 다브넌트의 생각을 살펴본 다음에, 도르트 총회에서 영국 총대들의 입장이 어떠했는지 생각해 보고 다브넌트의 자유의지에 관한 신학적 입장이 존 카메론의 어떤 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 결론은 자유의지에 관한 다브넌트의 생각이 카메론의 ‘가설적 보편구원론’과 다르고, 도르트 신경으로 표현된 17세기 초에 정통 개혁파 입장과 일관된다는 것이다.
Abstract
One of the hottest debates concerned the doctrine of the freedom of will during the life of John Davenant. Scholars, disputing the identity of John Davenant’s hypothetical universalism during the early seventeenth century, describe it as either forming a Proto-Amyraldian view or partaking of the tradition of Early Reformed Orthodoxy. The doctrine of free choice plays an important role in understanding his hypothetical universalism because his theological position, namely, Christ’s satisfaction is such if all believe all would be saved, can be differently interpreted, depending on what he meant by ‘if all believe’. Whether or not he really meant every unregenerated individual is capable to believe using his free choice is a significant issue. This paper aims to shed light on the distinctive feature of Davenant’s view on the doctrine of free choice. It begins with an assessment of Davenant’s works, demonstrating what he maintained regarding the nature of the human will. The study then investigates Davenant’s opinion concerning the regenerating work of the Holy Spirit in the will. It finishes by examining his view on the co-operation of the human will with the divine grace. After surveying these issues, we will discuss about the British delegation’s view at the Synod of Dort and the question as to whether Davenant’s view differed from John Cameron’s. These investigations lead us to conclude where he stood with regard to free choice in the context of the early modern Europe.
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