Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based precipitation for exosome enrichment: A review on recent developments, current challenges, and future perspectives
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It is becoming increasingly evident that nearly all living cells can generate and secrete various categories of membrane-enclosed structures known as extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes represent one of the major subclasses of EVs and play crucial roles in many biological processes, such as intercellular communication, tissue homeostasis, and the transfer of genetic material. Therefore, the development of efficient, high-throughput, and cost-effective methods for isolating high-yield exosomes remains an active area of scientific investigation. However, current isolation techniques face challenges related to purity, yield, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Among various enrichment strategies employed for exosomes, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based precipitation has gained significant acceptance from researchers due to its simplicity, affordability, cost-effectiveness, and capacity for processing small and limited quantities of samples. PEG precipitation demonstrates superior performance in exosome yield compared to commercial kits and other commonly used isolation techniques. This review offers a comprehensive overview of various exosome enrichment techniques, focusing on the underlying mechanism, method, advantages, and limitations of PEG precipitation. The recent applications of PEG precipitation in exosome isolation from various biological samples are revisited. Furthermore, efforts aimed at enhancing the efficiency of this method, emerging trends, and future perspectives are reviewed. This review also offers a summary of the biogenesis, composition, and function of exosomes to support a deeper understanding of the applications of PEG precipitation methods in exosome research.
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that nearly all living cells can generate and secrete various categories of membrane-enclosed structures known as extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes represent one of the major subclasses of EVs and play crucial roles in many biological processes, such as intercellular communication, tissue homeostasis, and the transfer of genetic material. Therefore, the development of efficient, high-throughput, and cost-effective methods for isolating high-yield exosomes remains an active area of scientific investigation. However, current isolation techniques face challenges related to purity, yield, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Among various enrichment strategies employed for exosomes, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based precipitation has gained significant acceptance from researchers due to its simplicity, affordability, cost-effectiveness, and capacity for processing small and limited quantities of samples. PEG precipitation demonstrates superior performance in exosome yield compared to commercial kits and other commonly used isolation techniques. This review offers a comprehensive overview of various exosome enrichment techniques, focusing on the underlying mechanism, method, advantages, and limitations of PEG precipitation. The recent applications of PEG precipitation in exosome isolation from various biological samples are revisited. Furthermore, efforts aimed at enhancing the efficiency of this method, emerging trends, and future perspectives are reviewed. This review also offers a summary of the biogenesis, composition, and function of exosomes to support a deeper understanding of the applications of PEG precipitation methods in exosome research.